上回阿姗谈过一点玛雅人的事，当时我回贴说这玛雅咖啡挂羊头，卖
狗肉，对玛雅文化没有半点研究。请她讲了一些，前不久又有方壶哉
先生的文章……
虽然在美国多年，在玛雅咖啡也有过一些日子了，对玛雅文化几乎还
是空白。
今天再读一遍方先生的文章，除了里面的印弟安以外（“印弟安”不
是美洲土著人的自称，完全是欧洲殖民者的误会：黄金梦和肉桂梦中
，想误把新大陆当印度）。别的倒是不那么荒诞，至少我最近写诗感
觉到其橡胶的称谓中哭泣与中国诗中拟泪的“乌臼”相似。（多亏了
法国大博物学家康达明（Charles de Condamine）的书。
文章中的十点请求，我再贴一下，很希望海外曾经游历玛雅遗址的人
在游玩的同时留意一下，提供一点信息。我相信国内有不少潜心探究
的人，他们很难有机会实地考察，但他们有相当丰富的中国考古资料
。许多上古的文字，也许象形文字出生的人比拼音文字出身的人更能
看出些名堂来。我就觉得摩亨佐罗的文字应该是中国人解，就象埃及
的象形文字应该由中国人破译一样。
=====
1、玛雅人的语言是什么结构？（主语、谓语、宾语的位置，有声调吗？有变格、变位吗？
2、玛雅语有哪些词与汉语发音相同？（应当考虑到古汉语词汇及语音演变）
3、玛雅语对以下词的说法：太阳、月亮、金星、木星、水星、火星、土星，数字1--100，人称代词，红、绿、蓝、黄、黑、白，亲属称谓。
4、玛雅人现在还有自己的传统历法、生肖吗？玛雅人姓名次序如何？姓与名的个数有多少？
5、玛雅人怎样看待其他印第安民族？
6、墨西哥奇瓦瓦州的印第安人关于中国的记忆有多少？有多少人知道"羲和妈妈"和"常羲妈妈"？他们的语言与汉语相比有什么异同？他们对上述第3项各词江怎么说？
7、印第安人是否关注自己的历史和未来？是否有印第安文明研究机构？
8、危地马拉的"Radio Maya"有什么节目？该电台的玛雅语广播有文字稿件吗？
9、玛雅文物上的汉字有多少未被搜集整理？玛雅人怎么看等文物上的汉字？ ......”
- posted on 10/14/2004
来，我先推荐本非常不错的（而且易懂的）书吧：
A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya
by Linda Schele and David Freidel
这两人是研究玛雅文字的专家。我记得玛雅文字是最近才开始解破一些的，但绝大多数文字还是没人能看懂。他们的传统历法很复杂很有意思，有好几种不同的算法，但都“通用”，建议有空一定要去了解一下。其中一条说是5125年一个 cycle ，到西历2012年12月21日，宇宙将重新开始新的一轮（才第二轮）。现在的玛雅人都西化了，反而是外国人去研究他们的文字、历法。
xw wrote:
文章中的十点请求，我再贴一下，很希望海外曾经游历玛雅遗址的人
在游玩的同时留意一下，提供一点信息。 - posted on 10/14/2004
去年我抄的一段笔记：
Since the Classic period, the two ancient Mayan languages, Yucatecan and Cholan, have subdivided into 35 separate Mayan languages (Yucatec, Chol, Chorti, Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Lacandon, Mam, Quiché, Cakchiquel etc), some of them unintelligible to speakers of others. Writing today is in the Latin alphabet brought by the conquistadors.
Quiché is widely spoken throughout the Guatemalan Highlands, from the area around Santa Cruz del Quiché to the area adjacent to Lake Atitlán and around Quetzaltenango. There are an estimated 1,806,000 Quiché Mayans living in Guatemala. Common terms and phrases:
Good morning. Saqarik.
Good afternoon. Xb'eqij.
Goodbye. Chab'ej.
Thank you. Uts awech?
Do you have coffee? K'olik kab'e?
- Re: 鎸傜緤澶达紝鍗栫嫍鑲� / 鐜涢泤鏂囧寲posted on 10/14/2004
谢谢阿姗的贴子！虽然是片言只语，但也显示：
古玛雅语字大部分还未能破译，看来七格还有机会（不要气馁）。至
于文字到底是象形的还是拼音的呢？
能不能贴几个字出来看看，文字是会传神的，太规律性的就是拼音文
字了。
至于历法也许阿姗更是专家，有没有研究的结果呢？我记得在自然史
博物馆看过一个相当大的日晷，什么明堂也看不出来。。。
据说他们的天文学很有意思，我怕都是附会，希望阿姗能谈一些更具
体的看法。
再谢！ - Re: 鎸傜緤澶达紝鍗栫嫍鑲� / 鐜涢泤鏂囧寲posted on 10/14/2004
xw wrote:
古玛雅语字大部分还未能破译，看来七格还有机会（不要气馁）。至
于文字到底是象形的还是拼音的呢？
象形和拼音都混在一起，果然跟中文有些相近！！！
据说他们的天文学很有意思，我怕都是附会，希望阿姗能谈一些更具
体的看法。
他们的历法和天文真的非常有意思！不是附会。我觉得主要是有丰富的想象力。很高兴能与你分享。等我抄几段话来给你吧。
- posted on 10/14/2004
The Maya Calendar
The cornerstone of all Maya thinking was an obsession with time. For both practical and mystical reasons the Maya developed a highly sophisticated understanding of arithmetics, calendrics and astronomy, all of which they believed gave them the power to understand and predict events. All great occasions were interpreted on the basis of the Maya calendar, and it was this precise understanding of time that gave the ruling elite its authority. The majority of carving, on temples and stelae, records the exact date at which rulers were born, ascended to power, and died.
The basis of all Maya calculation was the vigesimal counting system, which used multiples of 20. All figures were written using a combination of three symbols–a shell to denote 0, a dot for 1 and a bar for 5. When calculating calendrical systems the Maya used a slightly different notation known as the head-variant system, in which each number from 1 to 20 was represented by a deity, whose head was used to represent the number.
When it comes to the Maya calendar things start to get a little more complicated as a number of different counting systems were used, depending on the reason the date was being calculated. The basic unit of the Maya calendar was the day, or kin, followed by the uinal, a group of 20 days roughly equivalent to our month; but at the next level things start to get more complex as the Maya marked the passing of time in 3 distinct ways.
The 260-day almanac (13 uinals) was used to calculate the timing of ceremonial events. Each day was associated with a particular deity that has strong influence over those born on that particular day. This calendar wasn’t divided into months but had 260 distinct day names.
A second calendar, the so-called “vague year” or haab, was made up of 18 uinals and 5 kins, a total of 365 days, making it a close approximation of the solar year. These two calendars weren’t used in isolation but operated in parallel so that once every 52 years the new day of the solar year coincided with the same day in the 260-day almanac, a meeting that was regarded as very powerful and marked the start of a new era.
Finally the Maya had another system for marking the passing of history, which is used on dedicatory monuments. The system, known as the long count, is based on the great cycle of 13 baktuns (a period of 5128 years). The current period dates from 3116 BC and is destined to come to an end on December 10, 2012. The dates in this system simply record the number of days that have elapsed since the start of the current great cycle, a task that calls for 10 different numbers -- recording the equivalent of years, decades, centuries etc. In later years the Maya sculptors obviously tired of this exhaustive process and opted instead for the short count, an abbreviated version.
MAYA TIME--THE UNITS
1 kin = 24 hours
20 kins = 1 uinal, or 20 days
18 uinals = 1 tun, or 360 days
20 tuns =1 katun, or 7200 days
20 katuns = 1 baktun, or 144,000 days
20 baktuns =1 pictun, or 2,880,000 days
20 pictuns = 1 calabtun, or 57,600,000 days
20 calabtuns = 1 kinchiltun, or 1,152,000,000 days
20 kinchiltuns = 1 alautun, or 23,040,000,000 days
Astronomy
Alongside their fascination with time the Maya were interested in the sky and devoted much time and energy to unraveling its patterns. Several large sites such as Copan, Uaxactun and Chichen Itza have observatories carefully aligned with solar and lunar sequences.
The Maya showed a great understanding of astronomy and with their 365-day “vague year” were just half a day out in their calculations of the solar year, while at Copan, towards the end of the 7th century AD, Maya astronomers had calculated the lunar cycle at 29.53020 days, not too far off our current estimate of 29.53059. In the Dresden Codex their calculations extend to the 405 lunations over a period of 11,960 days, as part of a pattern that set out to predict eclipses. At the same time they had calculated with astonishing accuracy the movements of Venus（金星）, Mars（火星） and perhaps Mercury（水星）. Venus was of particular importance to the Maya as they linked its presence with success in war, and there are several stelae that record the presence of Venus prompting the decision to attack.
-- from Guatemala & Belize, The Rough Guide, by Mark Whatmore and Peter Eltringham
- Re: 鎸傜緤澶达紝鍗栫嫍鑲� / 鐜涢泤鏂囧寲posted on 10/14/2004
图一中两个人物（被捆绑的国王）左右侧和中间的那些小方块样的标记就是文字．
图二中也有方块字．
- posted on 10/15/2004
谢谢阿姗的天文和石版，这石版上的字看不太清楚，倒是有些青铜器
图绘的样子。
二十进制我以为是很古老的计数法，那时人们还没穿鞋子，蹲在地上
用手指脚趾二十个算盘珠（digits）计数。
后来，人穿上鞋子，爱站爱坐了。那时候只用手上十个算盘珠，也就
是十进制。
而两河流域巴比伦的六十进制，真正进入了数学的领域，就象葛里科
的画进入色彩领域一样。
60 <=> 1Ｘ２Ｘ３Ｘ４Ｘ５Ｘ６Ｘ10Ｘ12Ｘ15Ｘ20Ｘ30Ｘ60Ｘ
中国易经中的二进制最了不起，上通原初鸿蒙、天地神哲，下接目前
最进步的分析逻辑科学与计算机语言。。。
这十三怎么说？（我猜想这是个数字的老大难，坏素数，还不如把她
祭奠祭奠，也登上了玛雅人的大环年呢！）
庄子说：小知不及大知，小年不及大年。我这里盘算些小知小年；虽
然，也找来几个玛雅古字：
The Mayan script is logosyllabic combining about 550 logograms (which represent whole words) and 150 syllabograms (which represent syllables). There were also about 100 glyphs representing place names and the names of gods. About 300 glyphs were commonly used.
Examples of the script have been found carved in stone and written on bark, wood, jade, ceramics, and a few manuscripts in Mexico, Guatemala and northern Belize.
Many syllables can be represented by more than one glyph
The script was usually written in paired vertical columns reading from left to right and top to bottom in a zigzag pattern.
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/mayan.htm
这里再上两版中国云南纳西族的东巴图字，以共参照：
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