ĩ Louis Menand's The Metaphysical Club, նһ, Щ, дʹҷ.
ζѧֲڵʱ䲢, ֻоŸ. ӰdzԶ. ֲļҪԱ: Oliver Wendall Holmes (ķ˹), William James, Charles Sanders Pierce and Wright. ɹPierceѧ Dewey, ҲǺʵʦ, ʵѧ. Щ˵һͬصǶthe role beliefs play in people's lives˼ʾ. ҶĹڻķ˹һ, ϱսȻϵľ. սȥݷ˸ѰĬ, Լһ縸ͰĬһѧ, Ƿ. Ϊ the idea of doing it in the way Emerson and his father had done it(philosophy)--by synthesis and introspection. He thought it could be done better by scholars and anylysis.ķ˹pre-civil war's generalismľܾprofessionalismת. ս: soliders who understand the mechanics of battle fought better--more effectively, but also more bravely--than soldiers who were motivated chiefly by enthusiasm for a cause. һͬ˷. ķ˹˹ѧѧԺ,Ϊ. Ȼ, ķ˼ӰԶ. professinalism Ȼߵ̫Զ, ִ֮Զ. ά³ɹԭ֮һҲҪ鹦professinalism.
,йһЩص()ѧߵķ߷߲ƽ,˽ĮıԹ, ֪ɲַҰ?
һ:
Holmes's rejection of the intellectual style of prewar Boston mirrored a generational shift. To many of the men who had been through the war, the values of professionalism and expertise were attractive; they implied impersonality, respect for institutions as efficient organizers of enterprise, and a modern and scientific attitude--the opposite of the individualism, humantarianism, and moralism that characterized Northern intellectual life before the war......He had not given up the hope of a glimpse of the infinite. He narrowed himself in order better to expand.
һȤ:ղķ˹ǵĸHenry, ½廥echo. :-)
- Re: 初读posted on 05/02/2005
Լڵһ뷨 - ʵ˵ԵǸʵνӹ죬ܲԵijɹĮҽʽ̬ȣprofessionalism)ȴ컯ԵΣգڼȨʹòܱ״ڽйҪprofessionalismexpertiseͼɣҲҪ˵ĹػͺţߺΪҵû̫ƺ֪ʶԲƫκһ
ŦԼʱδܸ绰ȥ - posted on 05/02/2005
, DZҹ˾, . ʱ.
ҲָȨʹר, ָѴӼȨת͵һjobȥ, ٺտں, ֵ, һЩsentimentalԺĶ. ˵߲عȻٺò, й, ܸȱprofessionalism. ɭ(Levenson)̸й˵ҵྫ, Wen Jen()Ϊthe literary man, the amateur, Ƕҵprofessionalsһı, Ȼ. ˵, ȻǹٱλƵӰ. ֮, ִȫλ, Ҫиҵרҵ˼, ȻҲҪ˵˵. , Ϊ, ѡ, Ϊʵ(pragmatism)ĻǶԵ.Dzͬ.
Ȼ, ҵıⲻҪ̸й, ҲҪ½, ֻЩ, ͬʱ˶ⱾȤ, Ҳһ. и,ܻд.
adagio wrote:
Լڵһ뷨 - ʵ˵ԵǸʵνӹ죬ܲԵijɹĮҽʽ̬ȣprofessionalism)ȴ컯ԵΣգڼȨʹòܱ״ڽйҪprofessionalismexpertiseͼɣҲҪ˵ĹػͺţߺΪҵû̫ƺ֪ʶԲƫκһ
ŦԼʱδܸ绰ȥ - Re: 初读posted on 05/02/2005
λ˼Ҳ̸Щ壬ʵ¡ϣӦ˵Ϊ - posted on 05/02/2005
֮ wrote:
ҲָȨʹר, ָѴӼȨת͵һjobȥ, ٺտں, ֵ, һЩsentimentalԺĶ. ˵߲عȻٺò, й, ܸȱprofessionalism.
ͬ⡣ϴε绰Ҳ̸й֪ʶһ - һ漰λڷ˵̸й²ߣƽľǺҪģ͵¹پ취һֱһǿвйijɳɸʵprofessionalɵġǵǣйĿǰο׳д˻ƶȲƽԽԽĮԽԽ ȹҲǿвѽҲڶԣprofessionalʿǷdzġйδ
ɭ(Levenson)̸й˵ҵྫ, Wen Jen()Ϊthe literary man, the amateur, Ƕҵprofessionalsһı, Ȼ. ˵, ȻǹٱλƵӰ.
ǹ̺һλˡԣֶҵprofessionalsӿ»
֮, ִȫλ, Ҫиҵרҵ˼, ȻҲҪ˵˵. , Ϊ, ѡ, Ϊʵ(pragmatism)ĻǶԵ.Dzͬ.
ΪʲôΪʵIJԻϻøԵijɹΪǶģ뷨ȥԼֶͱĿȳвԣԵĿơҲƳӢεԭǣʵֱ뱾ڱԣһжν
Ȼ, ҵıⲻҪ̸й, ҲҪ½, ֻЩ, ͬʱ˶ⱾȤ, Ҳһ. и,ܻд.
ϣһֱд⽫ǸĻ⡣ - posted on 05/07/2005
, ϴβõҵһһֱû, ЩǵĶij?:-)
ʵĻͨͬ: ʵ, С֤. Ҿ廹Ҫ̸, ֻDzǰȡʵõ̬, Ҫֺ嶼װһȥ.
൱һ̸ʮĩֿѧ˼(, ͳѧ, probabilism etc.)ѧӰ, ִѧgrantƶȵĽ. ֮ΧƹѧӢľӢ(Dz). ǿѧ, ѧ۾ͲŪ, Ҳʡʡī.˼൱һֿѧҷԷū, Խ,ǰдѧ. סĿ˹йصİ. ˵аٷ֮ʮ˲Ž. ѧĽĽƺ.
ʮһ wrote:
λ˼Ҳ̸Щ壬ʵ¡ϣӦ˵Ϊ - posted on 05/07/2005
֮ wrote:
, ϴβõҵһһֱû, ЩǵĶij?:-)
Σ:-)
˵аٷ֮ʮ˲Ž. ѧĽĽƺ.
"˵"ֺˮֽϴ:-)
ǰÿһͳƣ½̶ȵдԼ60%ϵ۴磬ѧϳ̶ȵĴ30%Ƚ˵ǵǣѧĿǰintelligent design൱ȤⷽȻѧӦø̽Ϊͬ˾Ϊ̵ѧҲݲintelligent designġ :-)
ǿѧ, ѧ۾ͲŪ, Ҳʡʡī.
գ - posted on 05/09/2005
xixi, 60%30%90%? ˽ڵûѧ! :-)
intelligent designſѧµĴ? ΪʲôҲ?
ʮһ wrote:
"˵"ֺˮֽϴ:-)
ǰÿһͳƣ½̶ȵдԼ60%ϵ۴磬ѧϳ̶ȵĴ30%Ƚ˵ǵǣѧĿǰintelligent design൱ȤⷽȻѧӦø̽Ϊͬ˾Ϊ̵ѧҲݲintelligent designġ :-)
- posted on 05/09/2005
ʵ(pragmatism)Peirceӿµ Сн. Once an end is accepted, the conditions of its attainment are hypothetically necessary. ҽΪ, ݾóĽΪpragmatic belief(contingent belief), beliefbetting. ʵõbeliefڿֻǼ֮һ, pierceȴΨһ. ΪIn a world that never repeats itself with exactitude, all believing is betting. еΨ(nominalism)ζ, pierceʵǺܷΨ, ΪĽ̵: the world is made to be known by the mind the two are wonderfully matched. PierceΪΨǿ֪ʶĸ, . ֮, pierce ͨunsuccessĵ·brilliant insights. , ҷѹȻǧٹ, ˼ȴѰƫ, Ҳô, Ϊ˼, ܵľӰʵ̫.
Willam JamesΪPluralism dzthere is more than one way of considering a case. Ȼ, ֶԪߵ̫Ҳķij.
- Re: 初读posted on 05/09/2005
ĿǰEvangelical Christiansintelligent designҪ֧ߡͽintelligent designŻ⡣һһѧΪϵ۵Ϊصģ֪ģintelligent designĴʵ֤ġѧ֤ϵ۵Ĵڣ˽ϵ۵Ϊڶintelligent designκһߣ֤Ψһȷڽ̡
֮ wrote:
intelligent designſѧµĴ? ΪʲôҲ?
- posted on 05/09/2005
˼, ԽԽͷ, ҵ. ǶԵ,˵ˮǺܴ. :-)
ллĽ. ѧɱ, ķfundamental.
ʮһ wrote:
ĿǰEvangelical Christiansintelligent designҪ֧ߡͽintelligent designŻ⡣һһѧΪϵ۵Ϊصģ֪ģintelligent designĴʵ֤ġѧ֤ϵ۵Ĵڣ˽ϵ۵Ϊڶintelligent designκһߣ֤Ψһȷڽ̡
֮ wrote:
intelligent designſѧµĴ? ΪʲôҲ?
- Re: 初读posted on 05/09/2005
֮ wrote:֮߯棡۲ѽ (c:
˼, ԽԽͷ, ҵ. ǶԵ,˵ˮǺܴ. :-)
- posted on 05/09/2005
ֻĩƫƫĩѵǴˡ
I went to a seminar titled as How Minds Work on Saturday and a congitive science expert from UC Berkeley mentioned the idealist view of human mind, particularly Kant, who elaborated this view into innate categories of mind, and concluded that all that we can know about the real world is filtered through our senses, which distort our apprehension of the world and prevent us from knowing it as it actually is. This might sound like Pierce's father - the world is made to be known by the mind the two are wonderfully matched. So the world (to each individual) is very subjective indeed.
In fact, this subjectivity is regarded as the main distinction between human consciousness and that of artifitial intelligence. Before I thought that human consciousness was unique because of the sense of self - only we can be conscious about our consciousness and the rest of the animal kingdom can't - but at the seminar I learned that in near future it's possible for AI to have its sense of self too, which is scary, for in my view it will bring chaos into human life. If that happens, how do you diffentiate human from AI? But the expert on AI research told me that AI can never be like human mind for it can never be subjective. Does this only make semantic sense? I don't know.
Anyhow, this cognitive science is only in its infancy. When it makes big discoveries in the next 100 years all theoris of the past philosophers on how human mind knowing the world will become obsolete for sure.
֮ wrote:
ʵ(pragmatism)Peirceӿµ Сн. Once an end is accepted, the conditions of its attainment are hypothetically necessary. ҽΪ, ݾóĽΪpragmatic belief(contingent belief), beliefbetting. ʵõbeliefڿֻǼ֮һ, pierceȴΨһ. ΪIn a world that never repeats itself with exactitude, all believing is betting. еΨ(nominalism)ζ, pierceʵǺܷΨ, ΪĽ̵: the world is made to be known by the mind the two are wonderfully matched. PierceΪΨǿ֪ʶĸ, . ֮, pierce ͨunsuccessĵ·brilliant insights. , ҷѹȻǧٹ, ˼ȴѰƫ, Ҳô, Ϊ˼, ܵľӰʵ̫.
Willam JamesΪPluralism dzthere is more than one way of considering a case. Ȼ, ֶԪߵ̫Ҳķij.
- Re: 初读posted on 05/10/2005
How Minds Work on Saturday
Sounds good. What about other days? :-)
Actually hominoids exhibit self-consciousness too - they would look into a mirror and apparently enjoy watching themselves. Lower primates would go around the mirror in order to touch "the other one.
Not sure how a sense of self is defined here for AI. Avoidance of danger? But that is true for almost all animals.
- Re: 初读posted on 05/10/2005
I think the sense of self is probably something more than the consciousness of self being exist, it also involves that the self is aware of its position and situation in the enviornment, and is aware of the fact that it's acting by making choices, and the fact that it can make choices, and further more, it shows an attempt to willfully control its behaviors to have an impact on the environment. This just stops short of (yet is related to) that glamourous word - freewill. - Re: How minds work on Saturdayposted on 05/15/2005
Sounds like a perfect title for amateur thinkers like us. :-)
ʮһ wrote:
How Minds Work on SaturdaySounds good. What about other days? :-)
- posted on 05/15/2005
It makes perfect sense. As a matter of fact, its this subjectivity, ideas furnished by sensation, rather than the theory of sin (although there is a deep association between the two), that triggered the whole British Empirical school, from Locke to Kant (who synthesized rationalism and empiricism), to Berkely and Hume, and to Pierce and James in America, and then to the modern cognitive science. Philosophers might exist no more(they've become rare speices already), but history won't forget the light they shed on our minds. (Let me extol the virtues of this dying profession for a moment. :-)
As for free will, let me avoid this stark truth (that is there is no such a thing as free will) for as long as possible. The explanation you made on the sense of self is very thorough.)
adagio wrote:
In fact, this subjectivity is regarded as the main distinction between human consciousness and that of artifitial intelligence. Before I thought that human consciousness was unique because of the sense of self - only we can be conscious about our consciousness and the rest of the animal kingdom can't - but at the seminar I learned that in near future it's possible for AI to have its sense of self too, which is scary, for in my view it will bring chaos into human life. If that happens, how do you diffentiate human from AI? But the expert on AI research told me that AI can never be like human mind for it can never be subjective. Does this only make semantic sense? I don't know.
Anyhow, this cognitive science is only in its infancy. When it makes big discoveries in the next 100 years all theoris of the past philosophers on how human mind knowing the world will become obsolete for sure.
- posted on 05/15/2005
ʮ²ſʼȫ̸ʵ(Pragmatism). һ, ǰ˵. Ǹʵ, (a truly good fellow, just like Hu Shi), ۶. ѹPierce˵ȱintellectual rigor. ʵҪļλ:
Oliver Wendall Holmes (ķ˹): ΪʷΰĴ, 鹦ΪѧҺѧҵ. ̸ʵʱܺӢɵͳ. ķ˹Common Lawһе: The life of the law has not been logic; it has been experience. ڷɵıһideal order, ʵ岻ǿΨһһ. ľкܶຬ, һһ. һ: Ǹprinciples and general ideas. Ǹwhatever it worked before. First they decide, then they deduce. ҪԾʷ, ϵ䳣õķ. ΪԺ÷ٵѵͨǼԭ, ͨһһİ. the reasonable manľ, Ϊcollective and consensual, individual and internal(James෴.) йЩı, ѧΪѧ, ѧıʵϽǸѵ.
William James: Ҹ˸еʵӵľ, . ˵ʵa new account of old thinking. Ҳѹ˵Ѿһѧչ. ղķ˹ѧĽǶȶbeliefs˸̽. ǿϰ߶Ե, identitiesϵ. ָ, some ideas, such as the idea of causation, we only infer it, must be innate, wired from birth. ͻѾܽӽ. J
Pierce: ʵĺܶ뷨Pierce, ʵJamesThe Principles of Psychology. James DeweyѰζ: They make truth, which is the matter of fact, to be a matter of a way of thinking or even a linguistic expression. ʵ, ҲPierceĹ۵. д: if our behavior is perfectly arbitrarythat is, not habitualwe would have no identity; the price of having an identity is an inability fundamentally to transform it. Every organism has the potential to produce a variety of responses to a given stimulus: the peculiar characteristic of habit. Those responses cannot be random, since if they were, law would not be possible. Thus the definition of a thing as the sum of its possible behaviors is what Pierce had meant by his principle of pragmatism.
James Deweyͬ, PierceȻһﶼmove towards a condition of absolute law or complete determinism, in which chance will disappear and all habits will be perfectly fixed. ǰҺܲϲ, ķչ, ˵ڳǸ.
ʵǶʮĩֿѧ仯ĻӦ, ԱĿ־(ϱս)е. Ϊ: antagonism(Կor) is unnecessary, is based on a misunderstanding of ones best interests, and it leads to violence. ʵΪӴͳִĹṩ˷۹. 19ĩڵй֮ұȽϵ, һ: ʱѾȷ.
- Re: 实用主义posted on 05/15/2005
٣֮ײˡԭʵ岢ôdzҲߵͬˡWillian James˼뻹ֵȥһڣBergsonӰЩԨԴǵJamesһʵȤʵǣκڽ̣ȴֳϵ۵Ĵںڽ̵ڸΰڽ̵Ӱ涼˾˴죬֤Ĵڡֻжϣ湻ʵõġ
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