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ΪһֿĻ ԵĽΪ, ѾгõʷܵѧƵ ע⡣ ң ѧң ѧңѧҵȶ䱾չۡ ǰ۵Ļϣ һdz һһģ͡
۷ʱҪشǣ"ʲôǷ룿"Ҫֶ巨һǰѷ뵱һֻ壬һǰѷ뵱塣 һƪĸǿȴ˵"Ƿ룡"ʱ õڶֶ巨 ǿ Ǹ˴ijַ óĽȴ ϷĶ塣 һ⣬ ĽǷ룬 ܰ ֻΪأ ˣͽ Ӧһ棬 Dz ָġ һķ붨壬 Ӧ涨IJ֮ͬ Ҫʶıʡ ǣ ڶУ ƾ ʲôȷЩҪ趨Ŀأ ƺһ۹Ȧ Ϊ ܹУҪһֹһĶΪ㣬עŵҹϵķȥ
һ ǰ˵
ҹ۶ԷµĶ壬 Ƴֹ<<>>"ף νʹҲ"<<ҹԳϵķ>>)γɮ˷<< 弯>>˵" ߣν֮תɺ֮ԡ Ʊ ͬ" Ǯ质Ϊ""Ǽ""ϵݴ << ֪ʶ>>, p3 ʵӷƵĻԿ"""ת"֮塣 һ ʵıǷɮеı 緭壬 㻪 ͬ ˰ԭĺһƷ棬 ͼ Ǻ ԭĺʽͬȴͬݡ ȻûУ ˵ ʧ ҲƱ ̺ķ档
Ӣ translate Դ transferre Ĺȥִ translatus ˼"תƹȥ " ĵ ubersetzen Ҳ"˹ȥ"˼ traduire ˼"£ ٻ" pelevecti һеǰ pele- "Խ "˼ ˵ķȷ˵Ӧ""崫͵һı˵ʽȥ˰Ϊ˼ ǰץ com-prehend һ Žȥ put...into... йʽݿһ 塣 ȥ ʹʽԡݴһʽ ֮вʽ ʽˣ ҲӰ졣 Իñ"" Ȼζ
ǴӴԴĽǶǰ˶Է⡣Ƿ빤ߺۼҶԷʶأ
Kelly The True Interpreter, A History of Translation Theory and Practice in the West һ New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979) ܽǶԷʶ һ Ϊѧ ΪһѰԵȵת
ΪǰѱԵΰҵĴתƵ Ƕԭ һͺ˼
һֹ۵Ҫڴ·ѧҺҪѧķҵС <<ڴ>> ˵"еĹ ΪҲߣ Ļһ֣ ĵһ㣻Ȼϰһ㣬 ȥ־ˡôѧһ꾡ֵͿȡһλˡ Ƿ룬 ָѧʵģ ʫķ룬 һ谱<<ۼ>> 1984 p742ԨΪ һеʧдḶ́<<>> p214
ֹ۵ҲΪǴ ִΪ˿˷ѣ Ϊʹ"黯"еһԭĵɫʽǶԭĻIJַ͡봴ҪǶԷһʶ۵̽֡ѧŷ<<Ϊ"Ϳԭ"ķ>>һд"Ŀ겻һƷƶһֹϵѡòָͬһƻƽеĹϵ"Ϊ"ͨȡԭʾһ⣬ʾԭDzȡġ"
ڶֹ۵㣬 Ϊһֵͬת ߵľ̸֮ ѧҵĿѧǰ<<>>ĻѾͬת˼롣ϸ<<ۣ>>˵"ȡ壬 ʴʾ֮䣬ʱߵ棬 ֱȾΣġ"Ѿ˵ʽݿԸѿˡ<<룬ֱ룬>>"Թеı﷽ʽ滻еı﷽ʽӶԵIJ죬 ԭ Ϊ롣" << ͨѶ>> 19812 p8Ԩ<<ëϯʫо>>"һ ʽһʽѾݵ..."<<>> 1979-1 Щǽĸǣ ʹ˼ݻһװĹ̡
ѧҰֱַΪۣ ΪԲһֱ˼Ĺߡ Զͬ˼룬˷һԴѧǶ˵⡣ڷѰľDZͬһ"ȼ"ⷽдԵѧпظCatford: A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford University Press, 1965 Ͷ <<뷭>>йⷭ湫˾ 1985뱾, p4ȡ
ЩٶһĹ淶ԣ ǹ涨ʲôϵķ롣 ֶȱܸʵдڵĵıϿɵķҪһַܸ͵Զ壬бҪӷʵ ķ
༰
IJ꾡ʵ ֻѡдԵļ࣬ ۷ ıʡ
һ Ի"ʳ ¶ԣ еɣ νѧҲѡ"
[]˵"ӣ ʳҪ㣬 סҪʣԹݣ ˵ȴеȥԼ ˵Ǻѧˡ" ע
ſɲɭJacobsonνڷ롣 ڱ ֮ڡ
The year 1968 -- the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was celebrated as International Year of Human Rights. A significant event of the year was the convening of the International Conference on Human Rights at Teheran in April-May. The conference issued the Proclamation of Teheran, which affirmed the responsibility of States in meeting their obligations for the full realization of human rights; and called upon governments to redouble their efforts to provide for all human beings a "life consonant with freedom and dignity and conductive to physical, mental, social and spiritual welfare."
[] 1968꣭Ȩͨʮ꣭ΪȨףġһ¼ڵºٿ˹Ȩ顣 鷢˵ºԣ ϶˸ΪȫʵȨָʵȨҪϰΪȫṩ"Ϻϣ ģ ἰ ֮"
˵ġ Ľԭģ ȥպĴߵ Եı䶯⣬ ÿֱ룬Ǵﱾ塣 ıԭĴ ֮ϵ Ҳ˷־֮ϵ
He worshiped this new angel with furtive eye till he saw that she had discovered him; then he pretended he did not know she was present, and began to "show off" in all efforts of absurd boyish ways, in order to win her admiration. He kept up this grotesque foolishness for some time; but by and by, while he was in the midst of some dangerous gymnastic performances, he glanced aside and saw that the little girl was wending her way toward the house. Tom came up to the fence and leaned on it, and hoping she would tarry yet a while longer. She halted a moment on the steps and then moved toward the door. Tom heaved a great sigh as she put her foot on the threshold. but his face lit up, right away, for she tossed a pansy over the fence a moment before she disappeared.
[]͵͵µʹ dzĽѾ ûٶȥȻͼװŲ֪ǰʼÿЦĺķʽ ¶һָ ΪҪĽϡŹ֣ ɵͷɵԵľٶ һЩʱ һ ڱһЩյʱ
۾Աһ£λСߡķܵΧǽǶ ̾ϣͣһ ̨վһȻſ ķѽ̤żϣ ͳ̾һ ϲ ɫ Ϊٵ߿֮ǰƬ̹ Χǽһɫ ķռǡ
ѧƷ ʽϽԭı䶯϶࣬ ԴԱ ʽϵij룬 ӽṹı仯ӵȶǴǵҪ Ϊ ʹĶѧƷԱȽϵһӲ룺"͵͵Ŀµʹ ֱѾΪֹ"
ģ I visited various parts of my own country; and had I been merely a lover of fine scenery, I should have felt little desire to seek elsewhere its gratification, for on no country have the charms of nature been more prodigally lavished. Her mighty lakes, like oceans of liquid silver; her mountains, with their bright aerial tints; her valleys, teeming with wild fertility; her tremendous cataracts, thundering in their solitudes; her boundless plains, waving with spontaneous verdure; her broad rivers, rolling in solemn silence to the ocean; her trackless forests, where vegetation put forth all its magnificence; her skies, kindling with the magic of summer clouds and glorious sunshine;...
[] Լ Ҳ˲ٵط ֻȻ羰 ô 羰֮ Ʒ࣬ ѾĿϾӣ ˡ д иɽ Ʈ죬 ϽӲԿգ вľֳɽ ȣ ڻɽֱкĴٲ һĿɫĴƽԭ Ĵ ӣ ˮ ׯϵؾ ɭ֣ ľ죬 ǧ ûԾѭ գ գ ƹ ...
ļð룩
дɢġ ȫͻԭṹϵĿ ڱԭ ϵЩﹹһȺ ֮Եϵ ䷨ʽϵǰ£ ģ ԭƵһ ѡþ䣬 ԭд her mountains, with their bright aerial tints"Ϊ ĸɽ Ŀɫ˲֪ ơﲻȥԭĴ壬 ȥ Ҵߵλ ҿʲô ָȥд ʹҵĶ ⡣
壺 Spring, the sweet Spring, is the years pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
The palm and may make country houses gay,
Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day,
And we hear ay birds tune this merry lay,
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet.
Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit,
In every street these tunes our ears do greet
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
Spring! The sweet Spring!
[] ֮ һ֮Ң˴
л Ů裬
ͣ ų裬
ౣ 磬 һ̣
ѽ ɽ髣 ˼ң
Σ Ѷմ࣬
ں һƬϣ
ౣ 磬 һ̣
ԭ磬 ˽࣬
Գ˫ ɹ⡣
κͨ飬 иö
ౣ 磬 һ̣
֮
ĭ 룩
һʫ д紺ʱڣ £ 龰ԭкǿָ µ ϡ Ϊ˴ԭĵЩ ͻԭĵʽϽŵİš Ҳ룬 kingҢ ˴ Ӳⷨ cold doth not sting ͡ ԭĵϵ ֻ˲ͬϵֳ ĿΪ˴ԭ ʫġʫζֵעʹ˾ǿйĻɫʵĴ ˵ ߶ԭʫйĻĽͣ ҰֽͱйĶߡ ʹ ڶʫʱ ܵʫ˵ǿҹDzԷһ ӡ
Give yourself a Nikkax and see what it gives you.
Tough steel designed for strength yet light enough for comfort
Wide range of interchangeable lenses
Built-in exposure meter
Slim, elegant carrying case
Smooth noiseless mechanism
Pictures at the tips of your fingers
[ ] С㿪ġ
㿪ġмӯĸƿ壬 Ŀɱ侵ͷ ĦĻеװã װʽع۴ĻС ʹá㿪ġ Ӱ ֵ룩
һ档 ڱԭϵǰ£ ԭĽ˽ϴ Ķ дһòƷĹ档
ۺ漸Կ ǰһԵIJתһ IJĹ̡ У ͼز䣺
1) ʹ
2) ﱾ壬 ˵ֵ塣
3) ɫʡ
4) 1) 2) ϵ
5) 1) 2) ɴı䷨ʽʾĹϵ
6) Բʹùܣ ҲDZ﹦ܣ ߽ʹܡ
ЩУ 벻 1), 3), 4), 6) 2) ǿɱģ ΪIJһʹ ԭĶ 5) ǿɱģ ΪIJһʹԭĴ֮ʽ ϵ red, red rose ɡõ塱 õ족 õ ĺϼ ϼõ塱 ȫֵĽʻ
ķӦȫԭĵݣ ϵIJͬ ԽʻIJͬȻҪһȡᡣ ȡḶ́ Ƕ ݽŶӵḶ́ ԱʲôӦر ʲô ǿһ壺
ǰһԵתΪһβҰи ĴȵرDzһֻ 1) ԭεıͽ ܣ 2) ԭεĴԭ ϵ 3) ԭδɫʣ 4) ԭδʽϵ ϵ5) ԭδĵ塣
һĸ ҲǷ뵥λ һʣ һ һӾ䣬 һľӡ
µķ붨˼룺 ת֧ĿԻ һDzܷ뻷Լת Խת ڷ벻ɱIJ֡ ûת ľͲΪȷġ һܷ뻷Լת Խתڷɱ䲿֡ ûת Ͳܳͬһ ԭĵIJͬĵǺĻɽܵġ ˵ѧɹ桱 ۷롷 ԪΪŴûоԵij߶ȣ ֻи ۷Ŵŵķȡ ĶǷܻԼĵ Իһǰ˵еκһССļ ҪԻ ҲҪԼģ ҪܹӦԼ ĻǶԵʵպá
á뻷˵ġԻ ˼˵ ԷԼ ģ һ뷭ΪֱصĻ ģ ԭ Ľʹܣ ڷеĵλ ĵĽĿģ ȵȡ ֪뱾 һԿĻĽʹ̡ ʹ̵ĸ涼ԷԼ á
ַ̽ʣ Dzν 뻯Էһ淶 壬 ǵʶġ Ҫʶʱ ķ ϵתӦϵ Ȼˣ ͱ Ƿ漰ء
ģ
ģһ۽ ּڸֱ۵طӦǶʶ⡣ ǰ ̸ķʣ һĺģ£ ͼ1
ģǿһֻܸԼĻ һ뻷ɶ ԭĵ⣬ תͱ ɷ뻷߱һУ Ļ Ŀģ ʱ䣬 ص㣬 ȵȡ ߵ ۺϿԭأ ԭĽʻغԭĻء ⣬ ֲͬ ԭԶ߶ԭĵ⣬ Ϊߵ⣬ Ļ еģ һֽԵ⡣ ֮ һϵԲ Ѱ Ϊ ǡģ Ҫԭأ ÷Թ淶ģ Ľʻ ܹܵԱ ϽĻ һ汻 Ķ һ汻ԼĶ ߵĶ ͬԣ ȻҲԭԣ ȴӽӴԭĵĶߵĶ Dzһġ ߶ ģ ʹԭķصḶ́ һַ ǼĶԭġšij ȡ ַγһε⡣ ӶһתͱḶ́ γµ ġ ٴαĶ ѭ ֱΪһ Ϊֹ
Ƿĺģͣ ⲿ˵ЩԼŷĹ̡ ô ̱Ӧģʽأ һЩѧһЩģͣ £
1. δĽģ (ͼ2)
ģ˵ A ԵϢ߽תƽBԣ BԵʽ ߺϢԴ˫ݡ δû˵ת һ̡
2. ˹ (W. Hass)ݸǣģ ͼ3
1
I> 壭> II
II
ͼ 3
ر I ͷ II ͬ塣 ν¸ǣģͣ ָ ģ¸ǺµķΪġ Ϊŵ senseͬڷŴ ͼ4
˹еչ Ϊ
I > ָ I > ָ > ָ II > II
Ҳ˵ ָͬͬ ʵϾͳһ̣
A 壭壭 B
3. RichardũΤ Shannon-Weaverģ
ũΤ 1949 ͨѶѧۡͨѶģʽΪ ͼ5
ڴ˻ϷչһȽ ˵Ĺ ͼ6
ģͶӳ˵Էۣ Ĺ۵㡣 йѧ߰ѷ뿴 Ĺ̡ ۼҺѷ뿴һݺʽͳһ ̡֤ Ŀһʽݵͳһ塣 ìҪ ʽﱾԭʽݡ Ҫڴԭ ʱ ȵرԭĵʽͳһ κʽ϶ ݵĵط ˣ оͻϳֹʧʧεĵط ߵ Ҫ֮Ѱһƽ⡣ Ŀԭĵľ ͼ ͼ7
Ĺһȷ Aλã Ա ABCȫ ȵABC Ϊ ABӦõAB ACӦõAC A̫ᣬ ͻֹʧΣ ̫Զͳֹʧ⡣ ߶ƫԭʽͳһ״ʱ ҪA AѰ Aλá
ߵ˼ά̫̿ͼʾ ͼ8
ڿʼʱ רעԭݣ ʽǽ١ Ȼʼ עʽעﵽʱ, ݡ ʱֻȥעݡ ѭ, ֱȡʽݵͳһ
Ӧǿһ£ νʽݵͳһָʲô ˵ʽȷ رݣ ˵ ʽȷرݣ ҲʧΪϺ䱾 ʽ Ҳ˵ һݵȷʽʵ֮ͳһ ŷ ģ ƪģ ܿԴԭݣ ȴûдﵽԭʽ ݵͳһ ͬ ص ȴرԭݵҲƻ Ǹ ͳһ Եص ȷ ֯ƫ̫࣬ ˸д ķͬȱʽͳһ IJעⷴӳԭ Ե壬 ʹԭ֪Ϣ ͼȣɥʧ Ҳȱʽͳһ
һҪǿǣ ֻܸԼġ ڷϣ Ϊݣ Ϊʽ һɲġ ÿIJϣ ʽǹ̶ģ Ǵ˼ʼ롣 Ƿı֤
