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自残是指人对自身肢体和精神的伤害。一般来说,对精神的伤害难以觉察,因此,如果不特别指明,自残仅仅是指对肢体的伤害。
自残的最极端情况就是自杀。
自残行为并不少见。每个人都可能产生过自残的念头,只是大多数人没有采取实际行动而已。
自残的原因:
1、发展异化
每个人都存在着创造毁灭欲,GOPLA在解释自残行为的时候是通过发展需求这层面的。
发展受阻的结果就是另类改变。这是通过毁灭来实现精神能量的释放。
2、断绝期望
很多人都存在期望过高的现象。他们往往会比其他人感受到更多的挫折。(降低期望疗法>>)
对于一些他们已经失去信心(可以说绝望)的事情,由于他们存在较好基础,不可避免还是有一些欲求或期望出现,自残往往也为了斩断这些来源。
3、焦虑转嫁
焦虑、紧张、不安、痛苦等得不到化解。自残是一种压力转移的方式。自残是一种不良的发泄方式。一些人会习惯于增加自身肉体的痛苦来减轻精神的痛苦。
4、策略
为了获取其他东西。比如敲诈、获取保险赔付等。
另一个明显做法就是为了逃避惩罚而进行的逃避性自残。罪犯往往可能自残。特别是小偷,往往这已经成为惯偷早就计划好的行业脱逃手段,甚至团伙规则。在帮派中,为逃避惩罚而自残的现象也比较明显。
逃避性自残也体现为为某些不作为或不成功找借口等。
舍车保帅,以自残换取生命也是一种策略。
5、兴奋点短路
自虐的快感。一些人会从痛苦中感到放松、刺激或兴奋。他们会习惯性地自虐。自虐中对肉体的伤害就是自残。
其他痛苦的减轻,如毒瘾发作等。
6、自杀未遂
本意自杀,自杀未遂的肢体伤害现象被认为自残。
7、冲动
冲动时的极端想法也能导致自残。比如赌气,发誓,酒后无法控制自己等。
8、外界压力
许多外界压力会促成自残。这时,自残是被迫的,自残者并不愿意自残。伤害与否取决于外部意志。比如以肢体伤害为标的的赌博的履约等。再如被恶势力强迫自残等。校园暴力中自残现象也不少见。
9、无知
一些孩子并不知道自残的危害,有些是在不良的风气中受到误导。比如文身,看起来是在追求“酷”。他们都是在轻率决定后才出现后悔。
自残的其他表现形式:
1、头发
对于很多女性,长发也被认为是肢体的重要部分。对于感情重大打击,很可能就以头发作为突破口。
无论是哪种形式的自残,都会被人认为是心理不成熟或不健全的表现,因此难以被社会接受。
在自残者走入社会的时候,社会可能会因为担心自残者的脆弱或另类而在很多方面厌恶、限制或拒绝。
相关新闻/资料:
自残现象时有发生 心理健康不容忽视 许文君 等《中国妇女报》98.8.24
今年34岁的赵某,因赌博输掉了5000元后追悔不迭,冲动之下用菜刀砍下自己左手的食指、中指。后经洛阳医专附属医院显微外科做断指再植手术才保住了手指。该院的一份统计材料显示,仅今年1-6月份,显微外科就接诊33例自残肢体者,占该科上半年住院病人的15%,有时竟占住院病人的 25%。
自残者中青年人居多,且男性多于女性。自残原因有家庭琐事,婚恋遇挫,赌博输钱,家庭教育不当等。这些人多数心理不健康,因为小事而自伤身体。李某1992年因与爱人生气自断左手小指,再植成活后,今年3月与家人发生矛盾,再次砍掉了自己一个手指。据了解,收治病人中仅自断手指就达20余例。虽然多数经及时治疗,断指再植成活,但也有人因种种困难无法再植,留下终生的残疾。
- Re: 关于自残posted on 12/10/2006
曾经一段时间,全部去掉头发、或者去掉牙齿、去掉皮肤是我唯一的渴望。 - posted on 12/10/2006
自残的靡丽青春永不被原谅
2006年 03月 15日 09:19 深圳新闻网
很多看来过不去的关口,到事过境迁就会发现原来没有那么严重,所以,不要给自己青春的身体留下疤痕。因为它不随时光而改变,只会时时提醒你,你犯过的错,受过的伤。
我们要比任何人都爱惜自己的身体、心和青春。否则,被你伤害的青春,永不会原谅你。
伤口是我唯一的行李
林小糖 27岁 上海 外贸主管
16岁,我又一次孤零零地站在新班级门口。我的父母,只顾着让存折丰满起来,我总在不停转学。青春期的女孩都有严重的交友洁癖,她们会建立可恶的小圈子,谁都不愿将友谊放置在随时可能走掉的陌生人身上。青春如此盛大,无人与我共享。
幸好,当我孤单地走在路上,睡在我对面床铺的那个女生主动对我微笑。我几乎是讨好地来维持这份友谊,卑微又欣喜。我们一起上课、吃饭,无话不说。可当我又一次拒绝帮她抄整本的课堂笔记时,她脸色大变:“你有什么了不起?我看得起你才和你做朋友的。” 原来一切的亲近不过是同情,如果时间滑到现在,我会心平气和地走开并且淡忘。可那是年少气盛的16岁,尊严永远大过天,我们立即决裂,指着鼻子对骂。
很快我听到背后的窃窃私语,所有的耳朵都背叛真相,全班女生都选择听她的鬼话,流言中,我是狐狸精、变态狂、邋遢鬼。世界上最脏的词语都和我有关,我忍无可忍,拿起文具盒砸了她的头。
班主任教训我,你除了家里有钱,还会什么。我无力挽回已经变质的形象,或许疼痛可以让我忘记伤害,我揣着一把小刀,每每感到窒息就用刀锋划过手臂,伤口让我暂时忘却冷漠的脸。夏天到了,越来越薄的衣裳终究藏不住秘密。一次早操,我露出满满一手臂深深浅浅的伤口。
我的父母为我办了退学,面对我的眼神无措又怨恨。10年后,我习惯了在每个城市奔波,在机场偶然遇见那个朋友,她面露尴尬,说,请你原谅。
我永不原谅。请原谅我的不原谅。在每个青春当口,有人收获自信荣光,有人收获爱情友谊,为什么我只有疼痛伤害。10年后我回望旅程,发现那些伤口竟是我青春岁月里的唯一行李。 - Re: 关于自残posted on 12/10/2006
我的青春如同我的家庭,我爱的父母,被我伤害得体无完肤。 - Re: 关于自残posted on 12/10/2006
- posted on 12/10/2006
Self Injury (source: http://www.mirror-mirror.org/selfinj.htm)
Self-injury (self-harm, self-mutilation) can be defined as the attempt to deliberately cause harm to one's own body and the injury is usually severe enough to cause tissue damage. This is not a conscious attempt at suicide, though some people may see it that way.
It has been reported that many people who self-injure have a history of sexual or physical abuse, but that is not always the case. Some may come from broken homes, alcoholic homes, have emotionally absent parents, etc. There are many factors that could cause someone to self-injure as a way to cope.
There are three types of self-injury. The rarest and most extreme form is Major self-mutilation. This form usually results in permanent disfigurement, i.e. castration or limb amputation. Another form is Stereo typic self-mutilation which usually consists of head banging, eyeball pressing and biting. The third and most common form is Superficial self-mutilation which usually involves cutting, burning, hair-pulling, bone breaking, hitting, interference with wound healing and basically any method used to harm oneself.
Most people who self-injure tend to be perfectionists, are unable to handle intense feelings, are unable to express their emotions verbally, have dislike for themselves and their bodies, and can experience severe mood swings. They may turn to self-injury as a way to express their feelings and emotions, or as a way to punish themselves.
You may be wondering why someone would intentionally harm themselves. Self-injury can help someone relieve intense feelings such as anger, sadness, loneliness, shame, guilt and emotional pain. Many people who cut themselves, do this in an attempt to try and release all the emotions they are feeling internally. Others may feel so numb, that seeing their own blood when they cut themselves, helps them to feel alive because they usually feel so dead inside. Some people find that dealing with physical pain is easier than dealing with emotional pain. Self-injury is also used as a way to punish oneself. If they were abused, they may feel ashamed, guilty and blame themselves for the abuse, which in turn causes them to feel the need to punish themselves by inflicting pain to their bodies. Some people have such hatred for themselves and their bodies that they will carve demeaning names on their bodies as a way to remind themselves of how terrible they are. Whatever form of self-injury is used, the person is usually left with a peaceful and calm feeling afterwards. Since those feelings are only temporary, the person will probably continue to self-injure until they deal with the underlying issues and finds healthier ways to cope.
If you feel the urge to injure yourself, below is a list of suggestions that might help you to overcome that urge. Please be advised that not all of these suggestions will be helpful to everyone. What is helpful to one person, may not be helpful to someone else. These suggestions have been provided by individuals who self injured and what they found helpful to them. If you feel that a certain suggestion may in fact cause you to want to self injure even more, do NOT use that suggestion. Find ones that are helpful for you. Again, these are only suggestions and may not be helpful to everyone.
- deep breathing
- relaxation techniques
- call a friend, your therapist or a crisis line
- try not be be alone (visit a friend, go shopping, etc.)
- take a hot bath
- listen to music
- go for a walk
- write in a journal
- wear an elastic around wrist and snap it when you have the urge to harm yourself
- some people find it helpful to draw red lines on themselves with washable markers instead of cutting themselves
- hold ice cubes in your hands - the cold causes pain in your hands, but it is not dangerous or harmful (some people find it relieves the urge to harm themselves for that moment)
- punching a bed or a pillow (when nothing but a physical outlet for your anger and frustration will work).
- scratch draw a picture on a thick piece of wood or use a screw driver and stab at the piece of wood. (can be another physical way to release your emotions without harming yourself.)
- avoid temptation (i.e. avoiding the area in CVS where the razor blades are kept, etc.)
- try to find your own creative ways as outlets for emotions.
- learn to confront others/making your own feelings known instead of keeping them inside go outside and scream and yell
- take up a sport (a form of exercise can help you release tension, etc.)
- work with paint, clay, play-doo, etc. (the person who suggested this mentioned that they would make a big sculpture and do whatever they wanted to it. They said it was helpful to calm the urge to self-injure, plus it gave them some idea of what might be underlying the pain.
- draw a picture of what or who is making you angry
- instead of harming yourself, try massaging the area you want to harm with massage oils or creams, reminding yourself that you are special and you deserve to treat yourself and your body with love and respect
- go to church or your place of worship
- wear a pipe cleaner or something that will fit on the places that you injure. -One person did this as a way to remind herself that she could call someone instead of hurting herself and that she had other ways to cope.
- break the object that you use to self-injure as a way to show that you have control over it.
- write a letter to the person(s) that have hurt you and express how they made you feel.
- Theses letters do not have to be in perfect form and you do not have to please anyone but yourself. You do not have to give these letters to the people, but it is a great way to release the feelings that you are carrying within. After you write the letters, you can decide then what to do with them. Some people find destroying the letters help (i.e. tear them up, throw them in a lake, etc.)
- do some household chores (i.e. cleaning)
- do some cooking
- try some sewing, crossstitch, etc.
- recite a poem, prayer or anything else familiar the comforts you multiple times
- write down all your positive points and why you do not deserve to be hurt
- write in your journal why you want to hurt yourself and if you have hurt yourself, write down what caused it to happen so in the future you can prevent it from happenings - or find out what your triggers were
- Play some kind of musical instrument. Even if you don't really know how to play, picking out tunes is a way to concentrate and help get rid of the urge to harm yourself.
- yoga
- allow yourself to cry. Getting the tears out can make you feel better. It allows the inside to release, as opposed to self abuse. Picture your "ickies" pouring out as you cry.
- Take a shower
- write down a word best associated with what you are feeling (i.e. horrible, sad, lonely, angry) and continue to write it down, over and over. Sometimes when you do that, the words looks silly etc., and it puts humor or a smile in your life.
- sing a song on what you are feeling. It's another way to get it outside. Shout if you are made, etc. Let the words just come to you.
- Scribble on paper. Clutch the pen in your fist. It's a way to diffuse it on to paper. (Get a few sheets so they don't tear.)
- Take item you are self injurying with and use it against something else. For example, if you are using a razor blade, rip it across a towel. Sometimes seeing what "can" be done to an object can make a person think twice about using it on themselves. Can also give the feeling of "doing it"...the tangible aspect.
- Make a list of reasons why you are going to stop cutting. Every time you get the urge, read the list to remind yourself why you shouldn't. Also remember to put on that list that you do not deserve to hurt yourself. You are important and special and you do not deserve to be hurt.
Many people who self-injure keep it a secret because they feel like they are crazy, insane and evil. They fear if they tell anyone, they might be locked away forever. The truth is, people who intentionally harm themselves are in fact very normal and sane people, who are in a lot of emotional pain. They self-injure as a way to cope, because they were probably never taught how to deal with intense feelings and emotions in healthy ways. Unfortunately, when people hear about this form of
self-harm, they do tend to place labels on these people as being psychotic and crazy, which is why so many people do not come forward and ask for help. Until society dispels all the myths
surrounding self-injury and start to educate themselves on this subject, sufferers will continue to keep quiet and this form of abuse will continue to be a secret for along time to come. - Re: 关于自残posted on 12/10/2006
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