《塔木德》全套20卷,总计12000页,250万字,内容庞杂,卷帙浩繁,头绪纷纭,大至宗教、律法、民俗、伦理、医学、迷信,小到起居、饮食、洗浴、着衣、睡眠等无所不包。它以《旧约圣经》的箴言为开端,接着是神话故事、诗歌、寓言及道德反省和历史回忆,题材广泛,内容鲜活生动,虽然其中三分之一是米德拉西,即训试和道德说教,但让人丝毫不觉得生硬和僵化。如果说《旧约圣经》是一部永恒的书,那么《塔木德》则是犹太人日常生活的伴侣,充满着生命的智慧和应付危机的良谋。它不是史书,却在谈史;它不是人物志,却在述说人物;它不是百科全书,却包罗万象。正是它孕育了西方文明的模式,成为犹太智慧的源泉。与《圣经》、柏拉图的《理想国》、亚里士多德的《政治学》和伊斯兰的《可兰经》,并称为影响人类文明的巨著,是真正的传世经典。
…………………………………………
《塔木德》(התלמוד),是猶太教認為地位僅次於《聖經》的經籍。源於公元前2世紀至公元5世紀間,記錄了猶太教的律法﹑條例和傳統。其內容分三部分,分別是密西拿(Mishnah)——口傳律法、革馬拉(Gemara)——口傳律法註釋、米德拉什(Midrash)——聖經註釋。
编译这套犹太智慧羊皮书的人是'赛妮亚“,玄乎的名字。后来一查原来是贺雄飞,常看见这个人名,青冈,他是什么人?
我很烦编译的书,完全是剽窃他人心血劳动,拼凑起来据为己有。
- Re: In China, a genre of self-help books purports to tell the secrets of making money 'the Jewish wposted on 03/06/2007
Sold on a Stereotype
In China, a genre of self-help books purports to tell the secrets of making money 'the Jewish way.'
By Ariana Eunjung Cha
Washington Post Foreign Service
Wednesday, February 7, 2007; D01
SHANGHAI -- Showcased in bookstores between biographies of Andrew Carnegie and the newest treatise by China's president are stacks of works built on a stereotype.
One promises "The Eight Most Valuable Business Secrets of the Jewish."
Another title teases readers with "The Legend of Jewish Wealth." A third provides a look at "Jewish People and Business: The Bible of How to Live Their Lives."
In the United States, where making broad generalizations about races, cultures or religions has become unacceptable in most circles, the titles of some of these books might make people cringe. Throughout history and around the world, even outwardly innocuous and broadly accepted characterizations of Jews have sometimes formed the basis for eventual campaigns of violent anti-Semitism.
In Shanghai, which prides itself on having provided a safe haven for Jewish refugees fleeing Europe since the 1930s, some members of the city's small Jewish community are uneasy about the books' message.
These Jewish success books are "very dangerous," said Audrie Ohana, 30, who works at her family's import-export company and attended China's prestigious Fudan University. "What they say -- it's not true. In our community, it's not everybody that succeeds. We're like everyone else. Some are rich, but there are others that are very, very poor."
Nonetheless, in China, a country where glossy pictures of new billionaires have become as common as images of Mao Zedong, aspiring Chinese entrepreneurs are obsessed with getting their hands on anything they think can help them get an edge on the competition.
In the past few years, sales of "success" books have skyrocketed, publishers say, and now make up nearly a third of the works published in China, and perhaps no type of success book has been as well marketed or well received as those that purport to unveil the secrets of Jewish entrepreneurs. Many of these tomes sell upward of 30,000 copies a year and are thought of in the same inspirational way as many Americans view the "Chicken Soup for the Soul" series.
Among this booming genre's most popular books is William Hampton's "Jewish Entrepreneurial Experience and Business Wisdom." It comes packaged in a red-and-gold cover, and a banner along the top brags that it was a "gold list" bestseller in the United States. Among Hampton's credentials, according to his biography: "Business Week editor," part of the "pioneer batch of Harvard DBAs," "professor in business strategy and philosophy" with "many years of experience in Jewish studies."
More on that set of claims in a moment.
China is the fastest-growing book market in the world, with 130,000 new titles published in 2005. Sales that year reached $8.3 billion, a 50 percent jump from 2003, according to China National Publications Import and Export's data research arm.
The business success books provide idealized notions of what Chinese people should strive to become and serve as templates for teaching people who have been working at communist, state-owned enterprises for a generation how to transform themselves as capitalists.
Several of the books, despite their covers, focus on basic business acumen that has little to do with religion or culture. But others focus on explaining how Judaism has ostensibly helped Jewish people's success, even quoting extensively from the Talmud.
Practically every book features one or more case studies of the success of the Lehman brothers, the Rothschilds and other Jewish "titans of industry and captains of finance," as one author put it.
Some works incorrectly refer to J.P. Morgan (an influential Episcopalian leader) and John D. Rockefeller (a devout Baptist) as Jewish businessmen.
Yin Ri Shuai, a 29-year-old from Henan province, west of Shanghai, who is opening a cosmetics franchise, has purchased and read two such success books. Recently, he was back at the Shanghai City of Books, flipping through some recent titles.
"I feel they are interesting not only because they teach about business but because they teach about family and education and other values," Yin said.
Most Chinese people have never met a Jew -- they number fewer than 10,000 in a country of 1.3 billion people. But several of the most successful businessmen in the nation's financial capital, Shanghai, have been Jewish. The Sassoon brothers, for instance, were real-estate moguls of British descent from Baghdad who constructed the landmark Peace Hotel.
Today, one of the deans of the Jewish community in Shanghai is Ohana's father, Maurice, 57, who has lived in China for more than 10 years.
Maurice Ohana has mixed feelings about the Jewish business books. On the one hand, he believes that the books' assertions that many Jewish people value punctuality and never go back on their promises are "absolutely correct."
But the books' tendency to mix religious scripture with business lessons makes him uncomfortable. "I know very well the Talmud," he said. "They don't talk about business."
Positive stereotypes about Jews and their supposed business prowess have given the Jewish community iconic status in the eyes of the Chinese public.
The cover of January's Shanghai and Hong Kong Economy magazine wonders, "Where does Jewish people's wisdom come from?"
Jewish entrepreneurs say they are bombarded with invitations to give seminars on how to make money "the Jewish way."
Last year, a Jewish businessman's family was featured on a popular TV show. As the husband and wife gave viewers an introduction to the Jewish faith, the cameramen went around filming the family in action as they performed mundane household tasks. Reporters asked them what they ate.
Zhou Guojian, deputy dean of the Center for Jewish Studies at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, said people in China may be so fascinated by Jews because they feel both cultures share a strong entrepreneurial spirit.
In his opinion, though, there is one big difference. Many Chinese businessmen have "Chinese restaurant syndrome," Zhou said. "They are content with small-scale enterprises; they are happy just to make a living. But Jewish people want to be the best and make a huge company."
Wang Zhen, a researcher at the Center for Jewish Studies, also says he recognizes that the stereotypes can be considered anti-Semitic but thinks it's important that "even if people in China have the wrong impressions of Jewish people, the Chinese are very kind to them."
One puzzling phenomenon about the Jewish business books is that it's often unclear who wrote them. More than 50 titles are sold in China's bookstores, chain stores and other outlets.
He Xiong Fe, a visiting professor in Nankai University's literature department, estimates that more than half of the books are fakes, written by people who are not familiar with Judaism or Jewish history and who have made up their qualifications.
"There are only a few books that have value," said He, who has lectured on such topics as "Why are Jewish people so smart?" and "The mystery of the Jews."
When asked for contact information for William Hampton, author of "Jewish Entrepreneurial Experience and Business Wisdom," a representative for the book's publisher, Harbin Press, said the company obtained the manuscript from a translator and had never met the author. Several days later, the publisher said she had trouble reaching the translator so she could not provide more details about the origin of the book.
A search of international ISBNs -- the 10-digit codes that identify books published in the United States and other countries -- pulled up no hits for books by a William Hampton with a title similar to "Jewish Entrepreneurial Experience and Business Wisdom."
Harvard Business School has no record of a William Hampton in the first class of its doctorate of business administration program. Officials at Business Week magazine said there was a former employee with that name. William Hampton publishes an automobile newsletter.
Reached at his home near Detroit, Hampton said he was a former bureau chief and auto writer for the magazine, working there from 1977 to 1984, but had never served as an editor.
Moreover, he said he had no idea where the book came from. "I can confidently tell you that this is not something that I did," he said. "This would not be a topic I would be knowledgeable about in any way. It would be helpful to be Jewish, for one thing."
Staff researcher Ai Ghee Ong contributed to this report.
- posted on 03/06/2007
西方文明的源头是古希腊文明,犹太教-基督教文明只是后来横插一杠、喧宾夺主。(而且,在西方人看来那是东方文明,就像对中国来说印度是西天一样。)《塔木德》比较零散也不够神圣,可比之于伊斯兰教的圣训,但无法与圣经或者可兰经相比。
有意思的是,按犹太传统是否算犹太人要按母系,但排家谱则按父系。这样,耶稣是犹太人,但却不是大卫的子孙,因为约瑟不是他父亲。
--------------------
天下文章一大抄,就看谁抄的好。再说,贺本来就不是搞原创的,博克链接: http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1227633643 也是因为犹太教我才找到这个人的。 - Re: 犹太经典《塔木德》Jewish classical Talmudposted on 03/06/2007
好像不是这样噢,大学里的西方文明史,西方艺术史,都是从美索不达米亚到埃及,
从犹太人到Assyrian到巴比伦到波斯全包括的。并不是现代意义上的东西方。
阿拉丁燃灯 wrote:
西方文明的源头是古希腊文明,犹太教-基督教文明只是后来横插一杠、喧宾夺主。(而且,在西方人看来那是东方文明,就像对中国来说印度是西天一样。) - Re: http://www.mayacafe.com/forum/topic1.php3?tkey=1127393668posted on 03/06/2007
这一线有更祥细的犹太教三宝。
塔木德 etc. - Re: 犹太经典《塔木德》Jewish classical Talmudposted on 03/06/2007
摘录几个有趣的段落:
有位罗马女士问一位拉比,神圣的上帝用了几天创造宇宙?回答说:6天。那么六天之后上帝一直在干什么?他一直在撮合婚姻。上帝也太无能了。这件事我也能做,用不了多久我就能让他们生双成对。拉比对他说,这件事看着容易,其实比分开红海还难。拉比说完就走了。这位女士随后招来了一千名男女奴隶,仅仅用了一个晚上就为他们安排好了婚姻。第二天,许多男女奴隶还找她,有的打破了额头,有的被打断了腿,有的被打出了眼珠。纷纷要求抛弃对方。
--大创世记 68。4
- posted on 03/06/2007
Susan wrote:
好像不是这样噢,大学里的西方文明史,西方艺术史,都是从美索不达米亚到埃及,
从犹太人到Assyrian到巴比伦到波斯全包括的。并不是现代意义上的东西方。
哦? 我倒是记得恰恰是现代大学的分科里边从中东两河到东亚的古代文明都算是东方文明呢。没找到具体出处,不过这里有一个链接:
http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/283335.htm 东方的各种文明——两河文明、埃及文明、以及印度文明等等——对古希腊文明都有较大的贡献。
这个问题,就像俄罗斯属于东方还是属于西方一样,欧洲人很有点大清国那种“天朝中心主义”思想地,嘿嘿,,,
即便东西方分类如你所言,那原文也不该说犹太文明“孕育了西方文明的模式”,最起码,是两河文明和波斯拜火教文明影响了犹太文明的诞生而不是相反。 :o) - posted on 03/06/2007
Susan wrote:
好像不是这样噢,大学里的西方文明史,西方艺术史,都是从美索不达米亚到埃及,
从犹太人到Assyrian到巴比伦到波斯全包括的。并不是现代意义上的东西方。
哦? 我倒是记得恰恰是现代大学的分科里边从中东两河到东亚的古代文明都算是东方文明呢。没找到具体出处,不过这里有一个链接:
http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/283335.htm 东方的各种文明——两河文明、埃及文明、以及印度文明等等——对古希腊文明都有较大的贡献。
这个问题,就像俄罗斯属于东方还是属于西方一样,欧洲人很有点大清国那种“天朝中心主义”思想地,嘿嘿,,,
即便东西方分类如你所言,那原文也不该说犹太文明“孕育了西方文明的模式”,最起码,是两河文明和波斯拜火教文明影响了犹太文明的诞生而不是相反。 :o) - posted on 03/06/2007
说它们是西方文明的一部分恰恰是因为“有贡献”啊,这个是要讲文化传承的,不是
地理位置。
阿拉丁燃灯 wrote:
Susan wrote:哦? 我倒是记得恰恰是现代大学的分科里边从中东两河到东亚的古代文明都算是东方文明呢。没找到具体出处,不过这里有一个链接:
好像不是这样噢,大学里的西方文明史,西方艺术史,都是从美索不达米亚到埃及,
从犹太人到Assyrian到巴比伦到波斯全包括的。并不是现代意义上的东西方。
http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/283335.htm 东方的各种文明——两河文明、埃及文明、以及印度文明等等——对古希腊文明都有较大的贡献。
这个问题,就像俄罗斯属于东方还是属于西方一样,欧洲人很有点大清国那种“天朝中心主义”思想地,嘿嘿,,,
即便东西方分类如你所言,那原文也不该说犹太文明“孕育了西方文明的模式”,最起码,是两河文明和波斯拜火教文明影响了犹太文明的诞生而不是相反。 :o) - posted on 03/07/2007
西米昂拉比是一位早期哲人, 有一次他将男性生殖器描写为“家庭中的和平象征”,并为因年老和丧失功能感到惋惜。 先哲们认为:作为一个丈夫给妻子性的欢乐是他的责任,凡是拒绝性交的丈夫或者妻子,都是“恶”丈夫或“恶”妻子,他们甚至为不同职业的男人们拟定了一份最低性生活的日程表。日程表如下:
没有职业的男人每天一次;
劳动者每周两次;
赶驴子的(他们每周行踪不定)一周一次;
商贩(他们可能一走数日)半年一次。
--《密西拿》释文《科图巴特》篇,第5章
………………
这段最逗,看来没有职业的男子最性福,商人最少性义务。
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