(算是给自己的一个备忘录)
西藏百年大事记
BBC中文网记者 蒙克
[方括号内为八十一子点评]
1904年:3000人组成的英国远征军在荣赫鹏上校(Francis Younghusband)的率领下进入西藏。13世达赖喇嘛到蒙古和中国躲避。[西藏军民奋起抵抗英军,西藏地方政府向清中央政府求救。]
1909年:[英军无力占领西藏,退回印度。]达赖喇嘛结束流亡返回西藏。中国部队占领康区部分地区,达赖喇嘛向英国求援。
1910年:[清朝]赵尔丰带领2000中国军队进入拉萨。达赖喇嘛逃亡印度。
1911年:[辛亥革命]满清帝国被推翻,中华民国成立。袁世凯任大总统,宣布西藏、新疆和蒙古为中国省份。
1912年:西藏各地起事反抗中国军队。
1913年:[时逢民国“二次革命“反袁,江西、江苏、上海、安徽、湖南、广东、福建宣布独立]达赖喇嘛返回西藏,宣布独立。
1914年:西藏、英国和中国西拇拉会谈,解决边界纷争。[1913年10月13日,西藏、英国和中华民国中央政府的代表在西姆拉举行三方会谈。西藏的立场是要求承认和保证其完全完整的独立地位,中华民国中央政府则坚持西藏是中华民国领土不可分割的一部分,要求拥有西藏的外交和国防权利,以及一定程度的地方行政权利。英国则以划分外藏和内藏的方案进行调和,并据此达成了一个三方协议,但中华民国中央政府最终拒绝在协议上签字,并拒绝承认英藏双方签订的任何条约和协议,即所谓的“麦克马洪线”单方面将部分西藏领土划归印度。結果這次會議並沒有任何成效,而中國亦一直沒有承認過麦克马洪线,直至1940年代印度獨立以及中華人民共和國成立,這個邊境問題一直都是懸而未決。摘自自由维基]
[1915年,袁世凯复辟帝制。蔡锷宣布云南独立。1916年,贵州、广西、浙江、陕西宣布独立]
[1919年: 十三世达赖会见北京中央政府代表。达赖说:“余亲英非出本心……余誓倾心内向,同谋五族幸福。”]
1923年:[西藏内乱]班禅喇嘛逃亡中国。
[1927年:南京中央政府成立,召开国民大会,十三世达赖喇嘛和九世班禅额尔德尼均派出正式代表参加]
[1930年:十三世达赖会见中央政府代表刘曼卿。达赖说,“吾所最希求者,即中国真正和平统一”,“都是中国领土,何分尔我”,“英人对吾确有诱惑之念,但吾知主权不可失”,公开表明 “ 不亲英人,不背中央”的意旨(摘自刘曼卿著《康藏轺征》)。]
1933年:13世达赖喇嘛在拉萨逝世,享年58岁。
1937年:6世班禅喇嘛(中国称其为9世班禅)逝世。[九世班禅在遗嘱中说,“余生平所发宏图,为拥护中央,宣扬佛化,促成五族团结,共保国运昌隆”。]
[1939年: 经西藏地方政府呈报,中央政府派军队把出生于青海省、原名拉木登珠的十四世达赖护送至拉萨。]
1940年:14世达赖坐床。[蒋介石特派蒙藏委员会委员长吴忠信到拉萨察看后,由国民政府主席正式颁布命令,批准拉木登珠为十四世达赖喇嘛。]
[1946年:西藏地方政府和班禅的行政机构堪布厅派代表参加南京国民政府召开的国民大会。]
1949年:中国人民解放军战胜国民党部队,10月1日宣布中华人民共和国成立。[十世班禅额尔德尼·确吉坚赞致电中央,表示拥护。]
1950年:年仅15岁的14世达赖喇嘛执掌西藏政府。10月7日,中国军队进入西藏,在康区击败少量藏军。西藏政府和达赖喇嘛转移,呼吁联合国提供帮助。
1951年:西藏代表在解放军入藏后签署17条和平解放西藏协议,协议保证在西藏放弃独立的条件下享有文化和政治自治。
[1954年:达赖、班禅进京参加人大,达赖喇嘛当选为第一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会副委员长,班禅喇嘛当选为常务委员。拜见毛泽东。]
1957年:西藏反抗运动开始,中国军队被迫退出西藏南部。
1959 年:[在美国中央情报局CIA扶持下]3月10日,西藏全面反抗开始。[西藏驻军邀请达赖喇嘛看戏,不让达赖卫队入场。达赖被绑架的谣言四起。藏人围困部队驻地,要求“释放“达赖。事件迅速失控,演变为动乱。]数千藏人走上拉萨街头和解放军战斗。解放军炮击达赖拉萨住所[此条可能有误],[在请求英美军事干涉不获后,]10万名藏人随达赖喇嘛流亡印度。[毛泽东指示中国部队放行。印度尼赫鲁政府在英美压力下接受达赖喇嘛。从此,达赖流亡政府依靠美国纳税人生活,直到1974年。注:中美关系1972年开始解冻]中国在西藏设立的政府开始"民主改革",许多藏人被杀,被监禁以及接受劳改,大批寺院被毁。
[在此期间,达赖喇嘛与毛泽东多次通信,有礼物往来。]
1965 年:文化大革命开始,西藏大批寺院被毁。
1976 年:毛泽东逝世;文化大革命结束。中国政府承认在西藏犯过错误,指为四人帮的极左政策造成。
1979年:中国开始改革开放,邀请达赖喇嘛结束流亡,返回西藏,但条件是要其在北京居住。达赖喇嘛派代表团入藏调查。
1980 年:中共总书记胡耀邦访问西藏,放松政策,调回大批汉族干部。
1987年:达赖喇嘛在访问美国国务院时提出5点和平计划。10月1日:警察在拉萨开枪镇压示威者,多人死伤和被捕。
1988年:达赖喇嘛提出斯特拉斯堡建议,建议允许中国控制西藏的外交和国防,换取西藏内部全面自治。中国许诺谈判。
1989年:3月5日,警察在拉萨开枪镇压抗议者。3月7日宣布戒严。镇压造成多人死伤及被监禁。10月,达赖喇嘛获诺贝尔和平奖。[十世班禅额尔德尼·确吉坚赞逝世。]
[1993年:达赖喇嘛与中央谈判破裂。]
[1995年:达赖喇嘛、中国中央政府分别选定新班禅。]
[2002年:达赖喇嘛与中央重开谈判。]
[2006年:青藏铁路通车。]
[2007年:达赖喇嘛表示可能不再转世(意即他去世后不必再挑选新的达赖喇嘛)。]
[2008年三月:藏民骚乱。]
- Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 03/30/2008
这个好玩, 也不知他老人家自己相不相信转胎. :-)
[2007年:达赖喇嘛表示可能不再投生(意即他去世后不必再挑选新的达赖喇嘛)。]
- posted on 03/31/2008
中国总理温家宝本月在记者招待会上讲到西藏骚乱时讲:“我们有足够事实证明,这起事件是由达赖集团有组织、有蓄谋、精心策划和煽动起来的。这就更加暴露了达赖集团一贯标榜的‘不追求独立、和平对话’是一片谎言。伪善的谎言掩盖不了铁的事实。”此话一出,西方政要和媒体都呼吁中国政府拿出指责达赖的证据。在等了几天后,新华社于星期日(3月30)下午公布了一些细节证据。其实对于达赖真分裂假和平的证据,我们无需去刨根问底,眼前就有一个,而且是公开的。
达赖在3月28日发表了一份呼吁书。我先看到的是中文版的,是针对全球华人的呼吁书。我当时就想去看一下达赖的呼吁书的英文版,只可惜在西藏流亡政府的英文网站上一直没有找到。后来在别的媒体上总算找到了英文版呼吁书的出处。查来一看,和中文版的呼吁书一比较,非常吃惊。一看就知道达赖在见人讲人话,见鬼讲鬼话。先来看看他在呼吁书里讲了什么。
开篇第一段,达赖写道:
“Today, I extend heartfelt greetings to my Chinese brothers and sisters around the world, particularly to those in the People’s Republic of China. In the light of the recent developments in Tibet, I would like to share with you my thoughts concerning relations between the Tibetan and Chinese peoples, and make a personal appeal to all of you.”
我们都知道,在中国人心里,Chinese People是指中华民族,是包括汉族和藏族在内的中华民族。但达赖在这里把藏人(Tibetan)和中华民族(Chinese)并列和对等了起来!也就是讲藏人是藏人,中华民族是中华民族;藏人不是中华民族一分子。这封呼吁书表面上讲应该是讲给全体华人听的。也就是讲达赖是希望十三亿人民能聆听他的倾述的。可他这开篇第一段,在十三亿听众的眼里哪是什么呼吁书,简直就是一篇挑战书!他讲的藏人不是中华民族一部分,无异于在美国把黑人或印第安人和美国人民对立了起来一样,相信美国人民也不会接受美国黑人或美国印第安人是和美国人民并列和对等的民族吧。但也就是达赖这样多年来的讲法,让西方人觉得藏人是藏人,中国人是中国人;也就让西方人非常合理地得出西藏不是中国的一部分的结论。达赖坚称的什么不搞分裂也就无从谈起了。
但,达赖对西方是这么讲的,可对中国人却不是这样讲的。在他的呼吁书的中文版里,第一段是这样讲的:
“今天我首先向全球华人同胞,尤其向中华人民共和国境内的所有汉族同胞们,表示真诚、友好的问候!同时,针对近期在西藏发生的事件,以及相关的汉藏民族关系等问题发表我的想法,并以我个人的身份对大家做出一些呼吁。”
达赖在这里显然是用了两面派的欺骗手法。他在中文版的呼吁书里讲的藏人和汉族(Han Chinese)的民族关系,不是英文版里讲的藏人和中华民族(Chinese)的关系。显然达赖是知道十三亿人民在想什么的。但他为了讨好和迎合西方写的这份呼吁书又不得不写给全体中国人民听,所以他也就只好铤而走险玩上了这愚蠢的欺骗游戏。
在整篇的呼吁书中,达赖一直在玩这个两面派的欺骗手段。
“I am deeply saddened by the loss of life in the recent tragic events in Tibet. I am aware that some Chinese have also died.”中文版是“这次在西藏发生的不幸事件造成许多人员的死亡是极其不幸的,得知其中有少数汉人也丧生。”
“Chinese brothers and sisters, I assure you I have no desire to seek Tibet’s separation. Nor do I have any wish to drive a wedge between the Tibetan and Chinese peoples. On the contrary my commitment has always been to find a genuine solution to the problem of Tibet that ensures the long-term interests of both Chinese and Tibetans.”中文版是“在这里,我向汉族同胞们保证,我绝对没有分裂西藏或者是在汉藏民族间制造矛盾的图谋,相反地,我时常为寻求西藏问题在汉藏民族长久互利的基础获得解决而进行努力。”
“Since ancient times, Tibetan and Chinese peoples have lived as neighbors.”中文版是“藏汉两个民族自古以来毗邻而居。”
“I believed that this would best serve the long-term interests of both the Tibetan and Chinese peoples.”中文版是“我坚信这是实现藏汉两个民族长远共同利益的最好途径。”
达赖在呼吁书里不光是多处把藏人和中华民族并列或对等起来,有几处是赤裸裸地宣扬他的西藏流浪政府以及西藏和中国是并列和对等关系的观点。
这一段,“In 1974, following serious discussions with my Kashag (cabinet), as well as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the then Assembly of the Tibetan People’s Deputies, we decided to find a Middle Way that would seek not to separate Tibet from China, but would facilitate the peaceful development of Tibet.”这不是在讲西藏流浪政府的合法性又是什么?
在另一段里,达赖讲,“Soon after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the People’s Liberation Army entered Tibet finally resulting in the 17-point Agreement concluded between China and Tibet in May 1951.”在这里,中国和西藏是并列的和对等的。但在中文版里他又玩弄欺骗手段没有把“between China and Tibet ”翻译出来:“1949年中华人民共和国成立以後,人民解放军就进入西藏,最终於1951年5月签订了‘十七条协议’”。
我以前一直以为我们对达赖了解不够,达赖也在和汉民族交流方面做得不够。我一直觉得达赖要得到中国人民的理解和同情才是他的唯一出路。我到现在也觉得我们应该多了解藏人的想法,也希望藏人能多让我们了解他们的想法。但现在看来,达赖虽然是对中国和中国人民是有一定了解的,他也知道中国人民在想什么,但他坚持把西藏和中国对等起来,坚持把藏人和中华民族对等起来。无论这封呼吁书能让达赖在西方得到多少同情和怜悯,但他的分裂立场对十三亿中国人民来讲已是司马昭之心,路人皆知。而他在呼吁书的中英文两份版本上玩弄的欺骗手段,只会在失去中国人民同情的方向越走越远。
-请看《达赖喇嘛对华人呼吁书的中文版和英文版》
- Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 03/31/2008
Pentagram wrote:
-请看《达赖喇嘛对华人呼吁书的中文版和英文版》
哦,他是欺负华人听不懂英文呢还是欺负老外听不懂中国话呢?总之是欺负谁了。若再加上委屈撒娇的一句“我招你惹你了……”,嗯,就更有戏剧味道了。 - posted on 03/31/2008
Ding, I agree and have the same feeling after reading his appeal in Chinese and English version. If you read his other document and talks, it's very obevious that 他的分裂立场对十三亿中国人民来讲已是司马昭之心,路人皆知, and it's consistent all along.
The more I read about Dalai Lama, the more I support chinese government...
I'm amazied by some of right wing people here. www.cnd.org has now become a right wing party club...
Pentagram wrote:
...
达赖在3月28日发表了一份呼吁书。我先看到的是中文版的,是针对全球华人的呼吁书。我当时就想去看一下达赖的呼吁书的英文版,只可惜在西藏流亡政府的英文网站上一直没有找到。后来在别的媒体上总算找到了英文版呼吁书的出处。查来一看,和中文版的呼吁书一比较,非常吃惊。一看就知道达赖在见人讲人话,见鬼讲鬼话。先来看看他在呼吁书里讲了什么。
开篇第一段,达赖写道:
“Today, I extend heartfelt greetings to my Chinese brothers and sisters around the world, particularly to those in the People’s Republic of China. In the light of the recent developments in Tibet, I would like to share with you my thoughts concerning relations between the Tibetan and Chinese peoples, and make a personal appeal to all of you.”
我们都知道,在中国人心里,Chinese People是指中华民族,是包括汉族和藏族在内的中华民族。但达赖在这里把藏人(Tibetan)和中华民族(Chinese)并列和对等了起来!也就是讲藏人是藏人,中华民族是中华民族;藏人不是中华民族一分子。这封呼吁书表面上讲应该是讲给全体华人听的。也就是讲达赖是希望十三亿人民能聆听他的倾述的。可他这开篇第一段,在十三亿听众的眼里哪是什么呼吁书,简直就是一篇挑战书!他讲的藏人不是中华民族一部分,无异于在美国把黑人或印第安人和美国人民对立了起来一样,相信美国人民也不会接受美国黑人或美国印第安人是和美国人民并列和对等的民族吧。但也就是达赖这样多年来的讲法,让西方人觉得藏人是藏人,中国人是中国人;也就让西方人非常合理地得出西藏不是中国的一部分的结论。达赖坚称的什么不搞分裂也就无从谈起了。
但,达赖对西方是这么讲的,可对中国人却不是这样讲的。在他的呼吁书的中文版里,第一段是这样讲的:
“今天我首先向全球华人同胞,尤其向中华人民共和国境内的所有汉族同胞们,表示真诚、友好的问候!同时,针对近期在西藏发生的事件,以及相关的汉藏民族关系等问题发表我的想法,并以我个人的身份对大家做出一些呼吁。”
达赖在这里显然是用了两面派的欺骗手法。他在中文版的呼吁书里讲的藏人和汉族(Han Chinese)的民族关系,不是英文版里讲的藏人和中华民族(Chinese)的关系。显然达赖是知道十三亿人民在想什么的。但他为了讨好和迎合西方写的这份呼吁书又不得不写给全体中国人民听,所以他也就只好铤而走险玩上了这愚蠢的欺骗游戏。
在整篇的呼吁书中,达赖一直在玩这个两面派的欺骗手段。
“I am deeply saddened by the loss of life in the recent tragic events in Tibet. I am aware that some Chinese have also died.”中文版是“这次在西藏发生的不幸事件造成许多人员的死亡是极其不幸的,得知其中有少数汉人也丧生。”
“Chinese brothers and sisters, I assure you I have no desire to seek Tibet’s separation. Nor do I have any wish to drive a wedge between the Tibetan and Chinese peoples. On the contrary my commitment has always been to find a genuine solution to the problem of Tibet that ensures the long-term interests of both Chinese and Tibetans.”中文版是“在这里,我向汉族同胞们保证,我绝对没有分裂西藏或者是在汉藏民族间制造矛盾的图谋,相反地,我时常为寻求西藏问题在汉藏民族长久互利的基础获得解决而进行努力。”
“Since ancient times, Tibetan and Chinese peoples have lived as neighbors.”中文版是“藏汉两个民族自古以来毗邻而居。”
“I believed that this would best serve the long-term interests of both the Tibetan and Chinese peoples.”中文版是“我坚信这是实现藏汉两个民族长远共同利益的最好途径。”
达赖在呼吁书里不光是多处把藏人和中华民族并列或对等起来,有几处是赤裸裸地宣扬他的西藏流浪政府以及西藏和中国是并列和对等关系的观点。
这一段,“In 1974, following serious discussions with my Kashag (cabinet), as well as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the then Assembly of the Tibetan People’s Deputies, we decided to find a Middle Way that would seek not to separate Tibet from China, but would facilitate the peaceful development of Tibet.”这不是在讲西藏流浪政府的合法性又是什么?
在另一段里,达赖讲,“Soon after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the People’s Liberation Army entered Tibet finally resulting in the 17-point Agreement concluded between China and Tibet in May 1951.”在这里,中国和西藏是并列的和对等的。但在中文版里他又玩弄欺骗手段没有把“between China and Tibet ”翻译出来:“1949年中华人民共和国成立以後,人民解放军就进入西藏,最终於1951年5月签订了‘十七条协议’”。
我以前一直以为我们对达赖了解不够,达赖也在和汉民族交流方面做得不够。我一直觉得达赖要得到中国人民的理解和同情才是他的唯一出路。我到现在也觉得我们应该多了解藏人的想法,也希望藏人能多让我们了解他们的想法。但现在看来,达赖虽然是对中国和中国人民是有一定了解的,他也知道中国人民在想什么,但他坚持把西藏和中国对等起来,坚持把藏人和中华民族对等起来。无论这封呼吁书能让达赖在西方得到多少同情和怜悯,但他的分裂立场对十三亿中国人民来讲已是司马昭之心,路人皆知。而他在呼吁书的中英文两份版本上玩弄的欺骗手段,只会在失去中国人民同情的方向越走越远。
-请看《达赖喇嘛对华人呼吁书的中文版和英文版》
- posted on 03/31/2008
xy wrote:
I'm amazied by some of right wing people here. www.cnd.org has now become a right wing party club...
CND is alright. It's not really "right wing" at all - that reason it looks like at the moment, simply because people like myself are really a bit too busy to post over there. And that's not really "right wing" at all - that's simply political rubbish - some guys over there never grasp what is really called "Right" int heir whole life, how can you expect them to speak like a "Right wing". :)
It has some truely-politcally-boring people throwing nonsense out there, and it makes CND look neither left nor right. :) But CND itself is actually ok. Forum is all down to people in the end - who is posting. :) - posted on 03/31/2008
First, thanks 令胡冲 for your reply to my message. You are one of the giants (famous people) in both forums...
Have you followed CND's article selections lately, especially in Tibet and other polictical issues? They are almost the representatives of Voice of America and 自由亚洲电台, much more on the right wing when compared to www.wenxuecity.com. In CND's forum, there are some of guys who just hate CCP and would do everything to fight against it no matter what.
I usually keep quiet in both places, but sometimes get so tired of some of people undermining the interests of chinese people and chinese government... So when I speak, my view points are usually pretty strong...
令胡冲 wrote:
xy wrote:CND is alright. It's not really "right wing" at all - that reason it looks like at the moment, simply because people like myself are really a bit too busy to post over there. And that's not really "right wing" at all - that's simply political rubbish - some guys over there never grasp what is really called "Right" int heir whole life, how can you expect them to speak like a "Right wing". :)
I'm amazied by some of right wing people here. www.cnd.org has now become a right wing party club...
Now it has some politcal-boring people throwing nonsense over there, and it makes CND look neither left nor right. :) But CND itself is actually ok. Forum is all down to people in the end - who is posting. :) - posted on 03/31/2008
不易动怒、友好微笑的达赖喇嘛成功地向西方推销了关于西藏的五点和平建议(达赖喇嘛英文原文大家可见另一线的)。买主无疑接受了“和平”的包装,对其内容了解多少、想不想了解就是另一个问题了。我想,即使话说得比唱得还好听,人们也应该尊重事实。况且这不是娱乐,也不是听喇嘛讲佛,只顾感官上的享受,跟着感觉走,就保不定要当中国的戈尔巴乔夫,自己的国家分裂了,赢得西方一片赞扬是赢得了,就是自己的肠子也要悔青了。
周末看了徐明旭的书《陰峙c虔诈s西藏騷亂的來龍去脈》,其中的一节,<“大西藏”的神话>,是针对达赖喇嘛的五点建议中第二点的。
http://www.tangben.com/Himalaya/hm1301.htm 节选如下:
_______________
1987年9月21日达赖喇嘛在美国国会人权委员会演说“五点和平计划”时说:“中国公民大量移民西藏违反了第四届日内瓦会议,威胁藏人作为独特民族的生存。在西藏的东部,中国人口远比藏族人口多。举例来说,在我出生的安多省(指青海省----引者),根据中国统计,有250万中国人,但只有75万藏人。即使在所谓的西藏自治区(西藏中部与西部),中国官方资料也证实中国人口比藏人多。”如前所述,最后一句话是彻头彻尾的谎言,中国政府从来没有公布过那样的资料。
三年后出版的达赖自传前面的话一模一样,最后一句话把“中国官方资料”悄悄改成了“我们的资料”,可见达赖喇嘛自己造谣心虚。
达赖喇嘛这里说的“西藏”当然是指“大西藏”。王力雄对达赖喇嘛说“大西藏”内有750万中国人深感困惑。王力雄认为:“在数字化管理越来越成为治理现代国家的关键因素时,它(指中国政府----引者)不可能把所有的数字都做成给别人看的假数字。除此之外,我还有亲身在西藏的所见。虽然我不可能搞人口统计,但以我在西藏接触的范围和深入程度,应该已经达到比较充分的随机化。在这种随机化基础上产生的感觉,我判断中共方面的数字更接近实际。达赖喇嘛之所以提出这样一个数字,除了他的情报系统有放大,以及为了加强政治宣传的效果,我想可能还有一个因素,即达赖喇嘛的大西藏版图比中共认定的藏区更大,进入了汉人稠密区,那就是另一个问题了。”
把国际法学家委员会1997年的报告《西藏:人权与法治》扉页的“大西藏”地图(该地图当然是达赖方面提供的)与中华人民共和国地图仔细对照,就可发现达赖喇嘛的“大西藏”版图不仅包含了西藏自治区,还囊括了整个青海省、半个四川省、半个甘肃省与四分之一个云南省,以及新疆维吾尔自治区的南部。其面积占中国的四分之一强。
除藏族外,在达赖喇嘛的“大西藏”内还居住著汉、回、蒙古、土、撒拉、哈萨克、栗僳、纳西、独龙、怒、彝、白、裕固、东乡、羌、维吾尔、保安等17个非藏民族。达赖喇嘛说他们都是中国政府送去的移民,又是弥天大谎。众所周知,1949年前的青海省主席马麒、马步芳父子都是回民,他们拥有一支强大的骑兵,曾在1932年击退了十三世达赖喇嘛对青海玉树地区的进犯,又在1935年消灭了中共红军的西路军。可见青海的回民决不是中国政府移民过去的。达赖喇嘛自己也明白,把上述16个非藏非汉少数民族都说成是中国政府送去的移民是无人相信的,所以他故意含糊其辞地把他们都叫做Chinese(中国人),从而给西方人以他们都是汉人的印象,制造“汉人在藏人自己的土地上(指“大西藏”)淹没藏人”的神话。
那么“大西藏”内的汉人呢?众所周知,早在两千一百年以前,丝绸之路的要道河西走廊就已经是西汉皇朝的领土----凉州。比松赞干布定都拉萨,建立第一个藏族国家吐蕃王朝早了七、八百年。达赖喇嘛及其“西藏流亡政府”竟然把自古以来属于汉人的河西走廊也划进了“大西藏”,足见其领土野心已到了丧心病狂的地步。
让我们再来看被达赖喇嘛叫做“安多省”的青海省。
据《后汉书》《西羌传》,西羌祖先是三苗,原居湖南衡山附近。羌人的后裔至今仍在四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州生活。
青海的第二代移民是汉人。公元前121年(比松赞干布建立吐蕃王朝早了754年),西汉皇朝设立令居塞(今甘肃天祝藏族自治县)以控制河湟地区。按照先来后到的顺序,汉人比藏人更有权利说,青海自古以来就是汉人的地方。
三国年间,魏国继续以西平郡管辖临羌、破羌、安夷、白土、浩门、西都等县。
青海的第三代移民是鲜卑----土谷浑。
青海的第四代移民才是藏人。
青海的第五、六代移民是蒙古人与蒙古人带来的中亚穆斯林(回族的祖先)。
1912年中华民国成立后,青海东部仍属甘肃省西宁道,西部由青海办事长官管辖。
1929年中华民国在青海建省,以西宁为省会,由孙仲良任省主席。同年中原大战爆发,孙率军东去,回民马麒代省主席。1932年十三世达赖喇嘛趁国民政府忙于对付国难(日本侵占东北的“九一八”事件),派军进袭青海与西藏交界的玉树地区,被马家军击败。1936年马麒之子马步芳代省主席,1938年正式任省主席,直至1949年逃亡台湾。
由此可见,中国皇朝最先将青海纳入中国版图,治理青海的时间也最长。历代达赖喇嘛与噶厦政府从来没有统治过青海,青海在中共建政之前就是一个以汉人为主的省。
戈伦夫指出:“历史事实是达赖喇嘛自从十八世纪中叶从未统治过西藏自治区外的藏族居住区。在1913年的西姆拉会议上,十三世达赖喇嘛甚至愿意签字放弃对它们的权利。”戈茨坦也说:“无论如何,大西藏的目标在政治上是不现实的。西藏已有一个世纪或更长时间未曾统治过那些地方,也难以想像中国会将四川、青海、甘肃与云南的大片土地交出来。那里的许多汉族与回族早在1949年中共建政前很久就定居在那里了。”连一贯坚决支持藏独的美国人权组织亚洲观察委员会都说:“西藏流亡政府提供的关于750万汉人这个数字,包括了居住在一些区域例如西宁这个青海省会城市中的汉人,这个城市几个世纪以来就不属于藏族,而且位于由各类藏人、半藏人自治地区所组成的藏族居住区域之外”。
达赖喇嘛把那么多自古以来就是汉、回、蒙古、土、撒拉、哈萨克、栗粟、东乡、羌、保安、维尔、纳西、独龙、怒、彝、白、裕固等17个非藏民族的土地统统划入“大西藏”版图,自然会使藏族人口在“大西藏”内变成少数。按照他的地图,“大西藏”内何止750万“中国人”(上述17个非藏民族)?单单河西走廊就有好几百万汉族居民。达赖喇嘛在地图上吞并了那么多其他民族的土地后反咬一口,诬指“中国移民”使藏族“在自己的土地上也正在成为一个无足轻重的少数民族”。借用达赖喇嘛自己的话说,他的指责是“一种卑鄙而令人遗憾的遁辞”。而所谓“大西藏”不过是俄国极端民族主义狂人日里诺夫斯基的“大俄罗斯”(包括整个苏联、东欧的大部、伊朗、阿富汗与美国的阿拉斯加)的翻版。
达赖喇嘛在1987年美国国会讲话与自传里都说:“这套移民政策并不新鲜,中国曾有系统地在其它地区运用。本世纪初,满洲人还是个拥有自己独特文化与传统的民族,现在满洲只有两至三百万满洲人,却有7500万中国移民。”达赖喇嘛大概从来没有读过中国历史,所以不知道满洲人入关后,曾用武力向汉族地区大量移民(做官、驻军),从而抽空了自己的家乡。满清政府还派出许多蒙古兵去汉族地区镇压汉人,使蒙古人口空虚。十九世纪中叶,为了抵御俄国的侵略,满清政府推行“移民实边”政策,允许与鼓励汉族迁入满洲、内蒙古与新疆,甚至派出“垦务大臣”去内蒙古督办此事。1912年内蒙古的汉人达到100万,超过了蒙古人80万。满洲人走得更多,汉人去得自然更多。满洲人作为中国的统治民族,自愿放弃了自己的文化传统,接受了汉族的文化传统,这也是汉人(达赖喇嘛所谓的“中国人”)的罪过吗?
尤为奇妙的是,达瓦才仁(西藏流亡政府外交局宣传部秘书长--3MW注)竟然把其他民族也说成是藏族。例如他说青海的回族是“信奉伊斯兰教的藏人”,以此证明青海自古以来就是藏族的土地。他为什么不把汉族也说成是“不信喇嘛教的藏人”呢?那样就可以把全中国都划入“大西藏”的版图了。
- posted on 03/31/2008
Tibet, the 'great game' and the CIA
by Richard M Bennett
Global Research, March 25, 2008
Asia Times
Given the historical context of the unrest in Tibet, there is reason to believe Beijing was caught on the hop with the recent demonstrations for the simple reason that their planning took place outside of Tibet and that the direction of the protesters is similarly in the hands of anti-Chinese organizers safely out of reach in Nepal and northern India.
Similarly, the funding and overall control of the unrest has also been linked to Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama, and by inference to the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) because of his close cooperation with US intelligence for over 50 years.
Indeed, with the CIA's deep involvement with the Free Tibet Movement and its funding of the suspiciously well-informed Radio Free Asia, it would seem somewhat unlikely that any revolt could have been planned or occurred without the prior knowledge, and even perhaps the agreement, of the National Clandestine Service (formerly known as the Directorate of Operations) at CIA headquarters in Langley.
Respected columnist and former senior Indian Intelligence officer, B Raman, commented on March 21 that "on the basis of available evidence, it was possible to assess with a reasonable measure of conviction" that the initial uprising in Lhasa on March 14 "had been pre-planned and well orchestrated".
Could there be a factual basis to the suggestion that the main beneficiaries to the death and destruction sweeping Tibet are in Washington? History would suggest that this is a distinct possibility.
The CIA conducted a large scale covert action campaign against the communist Chinese in Tibet starting in 1956. This led to a disastrous bloody uprising in 1959, leaving tens of thousands of Tibetans dead, while the Dalai Lama and about 100,000 followers were forced to flee across the treacherous Himalayan passes to India and Nepal.
The CIA established a secret military training camp for the Dalai Lama's resistance fighters at Camp Hale near Leadville, Colorado, in the US. The Tibetan guerrillas were trained and equipped by the CIA for guerrilla warfare and sabotage operations against the communist Chinese.
The US-trained guerrillas regularly carried out raids into Tibet, on occasions led by CIA-contract mercenaries and supported by CIA planes. The initial training program ended in December 1961, though the camp in Colorado appears to have remained open until at least 1966.
The CIA Tibetan Task Force created by Roger E McCarthy, alongside the Tibetan guerrilla army, continued the operation codenamed "ST CIRCUS" to harass the Chinese occupation forces for another 15 years until 1974, when officially sanctioned involvement ceased.
McCarthy, who also served as head of the Tibet Task Force at the height of its activities from 1959 until 1961, later went on to run similar operations in Vietnam and Laos.
By the mid-1960s, the CIA had switched its strategy from parachuting guerrilla fighters and intelligence agents into Tibet to establishing the Chusi Gangdruk, a guerrilla army of some 2,000 ethnic Khamba fighters at bases such as Mustang in Nepal.
This base was only closed down in 1974 by the Nepalese government after being put under tremendous pressure by Beijing.
After the Indo-China War of 1962, the CIA developed a close relationship with the Indian intelligence services in both training and supplying agents in Tibet.
Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison in their book The CIA's Secret War in Tibet disclose that the CIA and the Indian intelligence services cooperated in the training and equipping of Tibetan agents and special forces troops and in forming joint aerial and intelligence units such as the Aviation Research Center and Special Center.
This collaboration continued well into the 1970s and some of the programs that it sponsored, especially the special forces unit of Tibetan refugees which would become an important part of the Indian Special Frontier Force, continue into the present.
Only the deterioration in relations with India which coincided with improvements in those with Beijing brought most of the joint CIA-Indian operations to an end.
Though Washington had been scaling back support for the Tibetan guerrillas since 1968, it is thought that the end of official US backing for the resistance only came during meetings between president Richard Nixon and the Chinese communist leadership in Beijing in February 1972.
Victor Marchetti, a former CIA officer has described the outrage many field agents felt when Washington finally pulled the plug, adding that a number even "[turned] for solace to the Tibetan prayers which they had learned during their years with the Dalai Lama".
The former CIA Tibetan Task Force chief from 1958 to 1965, John Kenneth Knaus, has been quoted as saying, "This was not some CIA black-bag operation." He added, "The initiative was coming from ... the entire US government."
In his book Orphans of the Cold War, Knaus writes of the obligation Americans feel toward the cause of Tibetan independence from China. Significantly, he adds that its realization "would validate the more worthy motives of we who tried to help them achieve this goal over 40 years ago. It would also alleviate the guilt some of us feel over our participation in these efforts, which cost others their lives, but which were the prime adventure of our own."
Despite the lack of official support it is still widely rumored that the CIA were involved, if only by proxy, in another failed revolt in October 1987, the unrest that followed and the consequent Chinese repression continuing till May 1993.
The timing for another serious attempt to destabilize Chinese rule in Tibet would appear to be right for the CIA and Langley will undoubtedly keep all its options open.
China is faced with significant problems, with the Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang province; the activities of the Falun Gong among many other dissident groups and of course growing concern over the security of the Summer Olympic Games in August.
China is viewed by Washington as a major threat, both economic and military, not just in Asia, but in Africa and Latin America as well.
The CIA also views China as being "unhelpful" in the "war on terror", with little or no cooperation being offered and nothing positive being done to stop the flow of arms and men from Muslim areas of western China to support Islamic extremist movements in Afghanistan and Central Asian states.
To many in Washington, this may seem the ideal opportunity to knock the Beijing government off balance as Tibet is still seen as China's potential weak spot.
The CIA will undoubtedly ensure that its fingerprints are not discovered all over this growing revolt. Cut-outs and proxies will be used among the Tibetan exiles in Nepal and India's northern border areas.
Indeed, the CIA can expect a significant level of support from a number of security organizations in both India and Nepal and will have no trouble in providing the resistance movement with advice, money and above all, publicity.
However, not until the unrest shows any genuine signs of becoming an open revolt by the great mass of ethnic Tibetans against the Han Chinese and Hui Muslims will any weapons be allowed to appear.
Large quantities of former Eastern bloc small arms and explosives have been reportedly smuggled into Tibet over the past 30 years, but these are likely to remain safely hidden until the right opportunity presents itself.
The weapons have been acquired on the world markets or from stocks captured by US or Israeli forces. They have been sanitized and are deniable, untraceable back to the CIA.
Weapons of this nature also have the advantage of being interchangeable with those used by the Chinese armed forces and of course use the same ammunition, easing the problem of resupply during any future conflict.
Though official support for the Tibetan resistance ended 30 years ago, the CIA has kept open its lines of communications and still funds much of the Tibetan Freedom movement.
So is the CIA once again playing the "great game" in Tibet?
It certainly has the capability, with a significant intelligence and paramilitary presence in the region. Major bases exist in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan and several Central Asian states.
It cannot be doubted that it has an interest in undermining China, as well as the more obvious target of Iran.
So the probable answer is yes, and indeed it would be rather surprising if the CIA was not taking more than just a passing interest in Tibet. That is after all what it is paid to do.
Since September 11, 2001, there has been a sea-change in US Intelligence attitudes, requirements and capabilities. Old operational plans have been dusted off and updated. Previous assets re-activated. Tibet and the perceived weakness of China's position there will probably have been fully reassessed.
For Washington and the CIA, this may seem a heaven-sent opportunity to create a significant lever against Beijing, with little risk to American interests; simply a win-win situation.
The Chinese government would be on the receiving end of worldwide condemnation for its continuing repression and violation of human rights and it will be young Tibetans dying on the streets of Lhasa rather than yet more uniformed American kids.
The consequences of any open revolt against Beijing, however, are that once again the fear of arrest, torture and even execution will pervade every corner of both Tibet and those neighboring provinces where large Tibetan populations exist, such as Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan.
And the Tibetan Freedom movement still has little likelihood of achieving any significant improvement in central Chinese policy in the long run and no chance whatever of removing its control of Lhasa and their homeland.
Once again it would appear that the Tibetan people will find themselves trapped between an oppressive Beijing and a manipulative Washington.
Beijing sends in the heavies The fear that the United States, Britain and other Western states may try to portray Tibet as another Kosovo may be part of the reason why the Chinese authorities reacted as if faced with a genuine mass revolt rather than their official portrayal of a short-lived outbreak of unrest by malcontents supporting the Dalai Lama.
Indeed, so seriously did Beijing view the situation that a special security coordination unit, the 110 Command Center, has been established in Lhasa with the primary objective of suppressing the disturbances and restoring full central government control.
The center appears to be under the direct control of Zhang Qingli, first secretary of the Tibet Party and a President Hu Jintao loyalist. Zhang is also the former Xinjiang deputy party secretary with considerable experience in counter-terrorism operations in that region.
Others holding important positions in Lhasa are Zhang Xinfeng, vice minister of the Central Public Security Ministry and Zhen Yi, deputy commander of the People's Armed Police Headquarters in Beijing.
The seriousness with which Beijing is treating the present unrest is further illustrated by the deployment of a large number of important army units from the Chengdu Military Region, including brigades from the 149th Mechanized Infantry Division, which acts as the region's rapid reaction force.
According to a United Press International report, elite ground force units of the People's Liberation Army were involved in Lhasa, and the new T-90 armored personnel carrier and T-92 wheeled armored vehicles were deployed. According to the report, China has denied the participation of the army in the crackdown, saying it was carried out by units of the armed police. "Such equipment as mentioned above has never been deployed by China's armed police, however."
Air support is provided by the 2nd Army Aviation Regiment, based at Fenghuangshan, Chengdu, in Sichuan province. It operates a mix of helicopters and STOL transports from a frontline base near Lhasa. Combat air support could be quickly made available from fighter ground attack squadrons based within the Chengdu region.
The Xizang Military District forms the Tibet garrison, which has two mountain infantry units; the 52nd Brigade based at Linzhi and the 53rd Brigade at Yaoxian Shannxi. These are supported by the 8th Motorized Infantry Division and an artillery brigade at Shawan, Xinjiang.
Tibet is also no longer quite as remote or difficult to resupply for the Chinese army. The construction of the first railway between 2001 and 2007 has significantly eased the problems of the movement of large numbers of troops and equipment from Qinghai onto the rugged Tibetan plateau.
Other precautions against a resumption of the long-term Tibetan revolts of previous years has led to a considerable degree of self-sufficiency in logistics and vehicle repair by the Tibetan garrison and an increasing number of small airfields have been built to allow rapid-reaction units to gain access to even the most remote areas.
The Chinese Security Ministry and intelligence services had been thought to have a suffocating presence in the province and indeed the ability to detect any serious protest movement and suppress resistance.
Richard M Bennett is an intelligence and security consultant, AFI Research. - posted on 03/31/2008
The Tibet Card
Posted by RMS on March 28, 2008, 11:18 pm
by Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich
Global Research, March 27, 2008
middle-east-online.com
It seems that the US government excels at propaganda for it continues to win over the very people it has betrayed and caused to be killed; buying their trust, it offers a friendship that is only self-serving. Oblivious to the past havoc wreaked by the CIA in Tibet, the innocent gather around the storm, stare into the eye, ready to be sucked into it, says Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
During the Vietnam era, the United States eagerly supported the brutal regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, a man who brutally oppressed the Buddhists; yet today our government has risen in defense of the Dalai Lama and Tibet. Has our sordid history finally led to compassion for the people of Tibet? One must wonder which people we want to protect for there are 41 races in Tibet, including Tibetan, Menpa, Luopa, Han Chinese, Hui, Sherpa, Deng, and so on; although by far, the majority are Tibetans. Perhaps the US is reaching out to the Dalai Lama - again?
It seems that the US government excels at propaganda for it continues to win over the very people it has betrayed and caused to be killed; buying their trust, it offers a friendship that is only self-serving. Oblivious to the past havoc wreaked by the CIA in Tibet, the innocent gather around the storm, stare into the eye, ready to be sucked into it. Not too long ago, the Truman administration attempted to use the young Dalai Lama against China's new Communist regime. The CIA offered to provide him financial support as part of the deal. Its subsidies to the Dalai Lama lasted, at an unspecified level, until 1974. However, the CIA officials seem to have misled the Tibetans into thinking they had American support for the establishment of an independent Tibet. They did not.
Once again, the Tibetans are thinking they have the support of the United States. It should be mentioned that such names as Tom Lantos (a Holocaust survivor) endorsed the promotion of a free Tibet. He also promoted the International Campaign for Tibet, a campaign which receives grants from the National Endowment for Democracy ñ a State Department operation which engages non-suspecting NGOs to openly do what the CIA did/does. Neoconservative queen, Jean Kilpatrick was pushing The Committee of 100 for Tibet with artists such as Richard Gere as unsuspecting fronts[ii]
What is the reason behind Americaís sudden interest in Tibet, the Buddhist ideology of 1649 Dalai Lama preserving animal and nature (we certainly could be preserving nature at home) or is it what is under nature? Tibet has the worldís largest reserve of uranium, and in addition to gold and copper, large quantities of oil and gas were discovered in Qiangtang Basin in western China's remote Tibet area[iii]. A friendly Dalai Lama would help reimburse the CIA subsidies, and much more.
There are other more important factors. Israelís interest is undeniable. In fact, they have been helping this ancient green land with ëagriculture techniquesí in recent years[iv]. Elie Wiesel, Nobel Laureate and Holocaust survivor, is recruiting fellow Nobel winners to press China on Tibet. Other notables such as Spielberg have already cooperated, and Sarkozy is considering boycotting the Olympics. One has to ask why these humanitarians are not concerned with the well-being of 1.4 million Palestinians described by the UN and the ICRC as being subjected to worst possible human disaster witnessed.
China has always shown reluctance to impose sanctions on Iran. From an Israeli and American perspective, China became a veritable short-term liability (versus a long term power challenging the US) when Iran and China engaged in talks to allow for a military base for China in one of Iranís Persian Gulf ports. This was in response to Sarkozy making an announcement that France and the UAE were negotiating a deal in which France would have a small base in that region. Such a cooperation between Iran and China would make Iran less vulnerable to an attack by Israel and/or the United States.
China has far surpassed the United States in Public Diplomacy. During the G.W. Bush presidency, while the world watched in dismay an do-it-alone America that made a blunder at every turn, China, in spite of human rights issues that remain to be resolved, has won ëhearts and mindsí in South America, Middle East, and Africa. It is attempting to win over its regional neighbors by developing economic, political, and diplomatic relations, and exercising skillful diplomacy.
Engaging China in a Tibet uprising, threatening the public image it has worked so hard to build around the world would distract or dissuade it from building alliances with Iran. Iran must be kept isolated at all costs.
Tel-Aviv hopes that Cheney will push Bush to launch a military attack on Iran, just as he persuaded Bush to attack Iraq. Given that the Iraq tactics are old, new ones have to be sought. As such, many experts suspect that a false flag operation would be required to launch an all out war. In October 2006, when Anti-terrorism officials conducted a helicopter survey of New York City's radiation sources in preparation for a so-called "dirty bomb" attack, they came across an unexpected radiation hot spot which has been kept out of the media as it is a political hot spot ñ A strong radiation spike from the area of the Israeli Embassy. Officials would not comment on why they thought that particular area showed such a stunning peak in radiation[v].
Can America afford another war? Will the world withstand another assault on humanity?
In 1787, George Washington said: ìThe power under the Constitution will always be in the people. It is entrusted for certain defined purposes, and for a certain limited period, to representatives of their own choosing; and whenever it is executed contrary to their interest, or not agreeable to their wishes, their servants can, and undoubtedly will, be recalled.î
Let us recall our servants who do not represent us, who do not serve our interest, and who are killing in our name.
Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich is an Iranian-American studying at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. She is a member of World Association of International Studies society, Stanford. Her research focus is US foreign policy towards Iran, Iranís nuclear program, and influence of lobby groups. She is a peace activist, essayist, radio commentator and public speaker. - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/02/2008
过于简单了点,,,,
连13世达赖访问五台山和北京,后慈禧削去13世达赖尊号降级;藏族穆斯林女士刘曼卿1933年康藏征召;1947年亲汉的、德高望重的热振活佛被杀;解放军护送十世班禅回藏等重大议题都没有说,,,,,
我看的是牙含章的达赖传,,, - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/03/2008
被誉为“东方奇女子”的刘曼卿女士
- Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/03/2008
十三世达赖喇嘛图登嘉措(1875-1933年) - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/03/2008
Who is 刘曼卿? I don't know much about her, anybody can tell story?
3mw wrote:
被誉为“东方奇女子”的刘曼卿女士 - posted on 04/03/2008
I hate to label someone as a racist, notwithstanding the fact that this author accused a number of public figures ranging from a Nobel peace prize winner, a Academy Award winning director, and the French president as Israeli agents sorely because of their culture heritage. Perhaps the same logic can be extended to her own background and making her loyalty an issue a la McCarthy's witch hunt in a byegone era. It is despicable of course and we should have grown out of that shameful history (obviously she hasn't). But even if her Iranian lineage might not qualify her as antisemitic, her Jewish conspiratory world domination theology sounds as crazy as her deafening polemical shrill she calls political discourse.
There are more lucid defense of the Chinese regime's crimes against humanity on the Internet. But to calling this bunch of criminals winning the "hearts and minds" of the people around the world redefines idiocy to a whole new level. Then again the mullas in Iran can certainly feel safe to go to sleep knowing that they have a protector in the UN security council. The Tibetans and even their own Islamic brethren the Uighers in Xinjiang be damned.
八十一子 wrote:
The Tibet Card
Posted by RMS on March 28, 2008, 11:18 pm
by Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich
Soraya Sepahpour-Ulrich is an Iranian-American studying at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. She is a member of World Association of International Studies society, Stanford. Her research focus is US foreign policy towards Iran, Iranís nuclear program, and influence of lobby groups. She is a peace activist, essayist, radio commentator and public speaker. - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/04/2008
焦油说得有理。我并不赞同她的说法,只是用来举个例证明 opinions are like asses - everybody has one. :-) 这次旁观中国网民对西藏骚乱的反映,觉得很多人不知道事实与观点的分野,而且热中于舆论一律。
谢谢楼上各位提供的史实。 - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/04/2008
Great!
:-)
八十一子 wrote:opinions are like asses - everybody has one. :-) - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/04/2008
81子为什么不写小说了? 我还等着看哪。 开始考古了? - posted on 04/04/2008
July wrote:
Who is 刘曼卿? I don't know much about her, anybody can tell story?
我也是第一次才知道。这是从网上看的:
1930年春,国民政府文官处女官刘曼卿受中央派遣经云南丽江、中甸进藏 ,3月28日在拉萨,刘曼卿拜见了十三世达赖,并向他敬赠了孙中山先生的遗像和蒋介石委员长的近照,介绍了内地政局,表达了中央希望与西藏地方和好如初的愿望。
http://book.sina.com.cn/longbook/1098245693_chamagudao/7.shtml
另一贴说:
1927年7月,国民党政府以文官长古应芬的名义,派刘曼卿前往拉萨。1930年3月18日、5月5日,达赖两次会见了刘曼卿。她传达了蒋介石“对西藏普遍形势的深切关怀,……并殷切希望看到西藏作为中华民国的同胞兄弟重新回到民族大家庭的怀抱中来。”刘曼卿回忆说,达赖喇嘛用双手而不是用一条哈达向她祝福,表现了对她的特殊礼遇。
http://www.bass.gov.cn/per/p1_content.jsp?id=1581&name=liangjingtai
日期有些出入。
- posted on 04/04/2008
民国时期的西藏
2002年8月13日09:45
1911年发生的辛亥革命,推翻了满清政府,建立了中华民国。在全国政权变更、政局混乱之际,清朝驻藏官兵分裂为共和与帝制两派,互相仇杀,并纷纷哗变,扰害地方。西藏上层中的亲帝势力乘机组织力量与驻藏川军对抗,大搞民族分裂活动,使西藏局势处于极其混乱之中。在这种混乱的情况下,西藏地方与中央政府之间的关系一度比较松散,但西藏作为中国领土的一部分,与中央政府之间的政治隶属关系一直没有改变。
中华民国一经成立,即宣布它是合汉、满、蒙、回、藏等民族为一体的共和国。1912年1月1日,中华民国第一任临时大总统孙中山在就职宣言书中向全世界昭告:“国家之本,在于人民,合汉、满、蒙、回、藏等诸地为一国,则合汉、满、蒙、回、藏诸族为一人,是曰民族之统一。”当时作为国旗的五色旗即象征五族为一体。3月,中华民国南京临时参议院颁布的民国第一部宪法《中华民国临时约法》明确规定,西藏是中华民国领土的一部分。
1912 年8月10日,为组建中华民国第一届正式国会,北京政府颁布《中华中国国会组织法》和国会议员选举法,规定西藏地方民众参加选举的办法和被选举的议员直接参政。1927年,中国国民党在南京组建国民政府,并于1931年召开国民会议,十三世达赖喇嘛和九世班禅额尔德尼均派出正式代表参加。这次国民会议制订的《中华民国训政时期约法》总纲第一条规定:西藏是中华民国的领土。西藏地方政府和班禅的行政机构堪布厅的代表,还加了南京国民政府于1946年召开的国民大会。
中华民国期间,中央政府一如元、明、清三朝,实行对西藏地方的治理。1912年中央政府设立蒙藏事务局(1914年5月改为蒙藏院),取代清朝的理藩院,主管西藏地方事务,并任命了中央驻藏办事长官,例行清朝驻藏大臣职权。南京国民政府成立后,于1929年设立蒙藏委员会,主管藏族、蒙古族等少数民族地区行政事宜。1940年4月,国民政府在拉萨设立蒙藏委员会驻藏办事处,作为中央政府在西藏的常设机构。
依历史定制,达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼以及其他大活佛,必须得到中央政府的认可和册封,他们在西藏地方才有政治上和宗教上的合法地位。民国期间,外患不已,内乱频仍,中央政府孱弱,但达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼继续接受中央政府的册封。达赖、班禅等多次表示维护祖国统一,拥护中央政府。1919年,十三世达赖对北京中央政府派出的代表团说:“余亲英非出本心……余誓倾心内向,同谋五族幸福。”他在晚年(1930年)还曾表示,“吾所最希求者,即中国真正和平统一”,“都是中国领土,何分尔我”,“英人对吾确有诱惑之念,但吾知主权不可失”,公开表明“ 不亲英人,不背中央”的意旨(摘自刘曼卿著《康藏轺征》)。九世班禅在遗嘱中说,“余生平所发宏图,为拥护中央,宣扬佛化,促成五族团结,共保国运昌隆”。
1933年12月,十三世达赖喇嘛圆寂,西藏地方政府依传统旧制向中央呈报。国民政府派专使入藏致祭,并批准势振活佛为摄政,代行达赖喇嘛职权,对于寻觅十三世达赖转世灵童应遵循的办法,西藏地方政府都按照历来的规定一一呈报中央政府。现在的十四世达赖出生于青海省,原名拉木登珠,在他两岁时被选为转世灵童之一。1939年,经西藏地方政府呈报,中央政府指令青海省当局派军队把他护送至拉萨。1940年,当时任中央政府首脑的蒋介石,经特派蒙藏委员会委员长吴忠信到拉萨察看后,同意西藏地方摄政热振关于免于金瓶掣签的申请,由国民政府主席正式颁布命令,批准拉木登珠为十四世达赖喇嘛。 - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/04/2008
Connie wrote:
81子为什么不写小说了? 我还等着看哪。 开始考古了?
Be patient. :-) - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/04/2008
在楼顶增加了一些新内容。 - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/04/2008
我是先去了丽江,才知道刘曼卿,然后才知道康藏征召的,呵呵,,,
当时她把丽江称为“花马国”,男女青年自由恋爱,不像内地汉地那般拘禁,,,, - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/16/2008
达赖喇嘛的呼吁书原文是藏文!
英文不是他自己翻译的,汉语翻译也不是他本人力所能及的。 - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/16/2008
lavender wrote:
达赖喇嘛的呼吁书原文是藏文!
英文不是他自己翻译的,汉语翻译也不是他本人力所能及的。
His English and Chinese are good enough to read and understand, if not translate. - Re: cnd?posted on 04/16/2008
cnd= chinese network for defectors
jokes asides, cnd has degenerated into a boxing club.
Now I will not touch it even with a 10 meter pool.
- Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/16/2008
Tibet: Problems, Prospects, and U.S. Policy / Congressional Research Service, April 15, 2008:
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34445.pdf - Re: 西藏百年大事记posted on 04/16/2008
too long to read carefully. But this is an interesting paragrahy:
Members of the Tibetan community consistently speak of “Tibet” in its larger ethnographic and historical context, including not only the entire current area referred to on Chinese
maps as “Xizang,” or the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR), but also parts of the
Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan, which Tibetans claim
as the former Tibetan provinces of Kham and Amdo. - posted on 04/16/2008
"cnd= chinese network for defectors"
Pepper: I agree. I have been reading cnd for years and used to love it dearly. But I can't stand it lately. I think CND has been gradually losing its touch of majority of oversea chinese with their biased political views.
Some of their editors or their family members work for Radio Free Asia and some are members of democratic movement (exiles of 6.4). They become desperate and hold their view of china so static and backward and don't want to acknowlodge the progress of china... Especially about Tibet issues, their article selections have stunned me... They have carried almost no voice of pro-china/olympic sentiments and completely ignored the feeling of the mjority of chinese... www.wenxuecity.com is a much better place to visit...
CND is full of sore losers, ...
pepper wrote:
cnd= chinese network for defectors
jokes asides, cnd has degenerated into a boxing club.
Now I will not touch it even with a 10 meter pool.
- Re: cnd?posted on 04/16/2008
I have also lost interest in CND, for the reasons above, but also the fact that most of them have been there fore ever, without reading their posts you know what they are going to say. There is just no new blood to bring fresh and different ideas to that aging forum. Those 80后 students in the US just don't know this place.
老了真可怕!:-) - Re: cnd?posted on 04/16/2008
Many people on CND consider it the battle field to fight for their version of democracy against the "reactionary force", just like in the old days as the Red Guard against the anti-revoluationary force. That is fine with me. Then they went further trying to shut down anyone who disagree with them on anything. Their months are so foul that you can smell it a mile away.
You cannot teach old dogs new tricks.
- Re: cnd?posted on 04/18/2008
不记得在哪里看到过,达赖喇嘛最近两年的立场已经回到早先的17条上了。他与中央政府的距离应该已经不是太远。 - Re: cnd?posted on 04/18/2008
八十一子 wrote:
不记得在哪里看到过,达赖喇嘛最近两年的立场已经回到早先的17条上了。他与中央政府的距离应该已经不是太远。
达赖早年被中共拉着,还差点要入党。老了老了,就念旧啦!可惜藏独少壮派们不大听他的了。
其实中共明智点,把他老人家弄到北京,谈成谈不成再说,光这公关效果就大了去了!当年的冤家对头国民党不也弄到北京去了? - posted on 04/18/2008
From what he said in his recent interview with Chinese reporters in Seattle, I don’t feel his position is close to 17 points. For example, regarding the definition of Tibet, he has insisted that it’s “Bigger Tibet”. This is not at all consistent with 17 points; otherwise, the uprising in 1959 would not have happened in Tibet.
My feeling, after reading his interview, is that he has sort of accepted his role and his fate regarding Tibet. He is most likely to continue his role he has played for years as for the western countries and his own government in exile. He would not make significant concession to Chinese government. With his current position and his manipulative behaviors of the past, I don’t expect any break through at all.
In my opinion, his current position undermines Chinese interests and threatens the security of China.
I know opinion does not worth much since “everyone has one”, but still can’t help but to share my two cents here…
- posted on 04/18/2008
gz wrote:
八十一子 wrote:达赖早年被中共拉着,还差点要入党。老了老了,就念旧啦!可惜藏独少壮派们不大听他的了。
不记得在哪里看到过,达赖喇嘛最近两年的立场已经回到早先的17条上了。他与中央政府的距离应该已经不是太远。
其实中共明智点,把他老人家弄到北京,谈成谈不成再说,光这公关效果就大了去了!当年的冤家对头国民党不也弄到北京去了?
国民党 and CCP has a common enemy: Democratic Progressive Party of Taiwan.
- Re: cnd?posted on 04/19/2008
xy wrote:
I know opinion does not worth much since “everyone has one”, but still can’t help but to share my two cents here…
:-)
Opinions matter only when policy makers can be influenced by them.
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