恩典墓园是芝加哥最著名的墓园,建于1860年,很多芝加哥的名人都埋于此地,他们的墓碑又是由著名建筑师设计的,所以,这里已成为芝加哥的最好的文化,历史,政治博物馆。
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Graceland Cemetery is one of Chicago's best-known and most historic cemeteries. It was established in 1860, originally outside city limits, but engulfed as the city grew northward. The original City Cemetery was on the lake front, and was considered a health hazard due to overcrowding and water-borne diseases. The bodies were moved to nearby Graceland in the town of Lake View, with the old city cemetery becoming what is now Lincoln Park.
Graceland is on the north side of Chicago, with its main entrance at the corner of Clark and Irving Park roads, extending north and east from that point. Graceland's office is just inside the main gate at the southwest corner. Within, free maps and pamphlets are available, as well as a $7 book published by the Chicago Architecture Foundation, A Walk Through Graceland Cemetery.
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Mayor Gray's monument.
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Henry C. Wheeler
Born April 12, 1824
Lost on Lake Michigan
April 18, 1848
Cruel Waves Where Are Ye Sweeping
With Our Brother In Your Arms
R. Charles Harding
Born May 28 1846
Died April 17 1889
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John Kinzie (1763 - January 6, 1828) was Chicago's first permanent white settler. Born in Quebec, he became an Indian trader in Detroit, later arriving in Chicago in 1804. He purchased the house of Jean Baptiste Pont Du Sable, who had departed for Peoria. Fort Dearborn was soon established at the mouth of the river, and Kinzie's influence in the area grew as he traded with the soldiers at the fort and the natives.
On August 15, 1812, an attack by Pottawatomie Indians left about forty dead, in what is known as the "Fort Dearborn Massacre". Kinzie had been with the soldiers but escaped unharmed; his family had already gone into hiding. They fled by boat to Detroit.
Four years after the Massacre, John Kinzie returned to Chicago, remaining here until his death in 1828.
Kinzie had originally been buried in the Fort Dearborn cemetery, then moved to the original north side City Cemetery, and again to the new City Cemetery in what is now Lincoln Park. Finally, when City Cemetery was closed in the early 1860s, his remains and tombstone were moved to their current location in Graceland.
In front of Kinzie's original limestone marker is a simple granite headstone, placed there in this century
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A robed and hooded bronze figure stands before a polished black slab of granite, its face partially hidden by one arm. Eternal Silence, also called the "Statue of Death", was created by sculptor Lorado Taft in 1909.
Eternal Silence marks the plot of hotelier Dexter Graves (1789-1844), who, in 1831, brought the first colony to Chicago from Ashtabula, Ohio.
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Francis Sherman
5th MAYOR of Chicago
Democrat
1841-1842
Alexander Loyd Benjamin Raymond 1862-1865
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Samuel Klump Martin
June 24, 1837 - Aug 11, 1896
Erected in Affectionate
Rememberance by his Wife
Katie Babcock
Wife of Samuel K. Martin
Sept 19, 1841 - Feb 18, 1926
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Crusader, a huge granite statue of a knight in armor, stands in an open grassy area ringed with flowers and low bushes. No other grave markers are nearby, and no name appears on the Crusader itself. This is the grave of newspaper publisher Victor Lawson (1850-1925), who established the Chicago Daily News in 1875.
Crusader was carved in 1931 by famed sculptor Lorado Taft, the creator of Graceland's Eternal Silence.
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In a secluded spot behind Crusader stands a monument of pink granite, about twelve feet tall. The name is not immediately visible, but written in very small letters on the shoulder of the portrait is the name "Peirce Anderson". Anderson was an architect in the firm of D.H. Burnham & Co.
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The Hirsch mausoleum, near the east wall. The tracks of the Red Line "L" are visible over the top of the wall.
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Crusader looks out onto this view across the road. A low stone wall snakes its way through this section.
The Kroeschell monument near the center appears to have its right half sheared away. Both the stone and the bronze plaque have a rough edge, as if the missing halves had been smashed. This was actually a feature of the original design, symbolizing a life that has been broken.
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John Wellborn Root --- A Famous Chicago Architect - Re: 芝加哥的恩典墓园---Graceland, Chicagoposted on 06/13/2008
Whiting and Ware. To the left is a low retaining wall of loose stone.
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Peter Schoenhofen (1827-1893), born in Prussia, was the owner of the Schoenhofen Brewery at 18th and Canalport in Chicago.
A descendant of Peter Schoenhofen, Graf Schenk, was involved in the attempt to assassinate Hitler in 1945.
Schoenhofen's pyramid displays the Victorian fascination with Egyptian funerary architecture, which had been sparked by recent archaeological discoveries. The door to the mausoleum is flanked by a female angel, holding a bronze key, and a male sphinx. This combination of Christian and Pagan symbols may seem bizarre, but was not unique in late 19th century cemeteries. Egyptian imagery can also be seen on the tomb of Darius Miller at Rosehill, and the entrance gates to the old section of London's historic Highgate Cemetery.
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Cummings. - Re: 芝加哥的恩典墓园---Graceland, Chicagoposted on 06/13/2008
Frank Orren Lowden
25th GOVERNOR of Illinois
Republican
1917-1921
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"A man who won't meet his own men halfway is a damn fool!" --Mark Hanna, on George Pullman
George Pullman (1831-97) was the inventor of the Pullman sleeping car. When a Pullman car was attached to the funeral train carrying Abraham Lincoln's body, demand for Pullman's product surged, and the Pullman Sleeping Car Company grew quickly.
George Pullman and architect Solon Beman built the town of Pullman for his employees near 111th street. Pullman joked that the town had been named for both of them: the first syllable of his name, the second syllable of Beman's. The town of Pullman was a planned community, with schools, theaters, library, hotel, all operated by the Pullman Sleeping Car Company.
When the fortunes of the company declined in 1894, Pullman slashed wages by 25 percent. However, he neglected to lower the rents or cost of groceries in the company town. A delegation of workers went to meet with Pullman and ask him to reduce these costs - the next day, these men were fired. His workers went on strike, aided by Eugene Debs' American Railway Union. Workers refused to handle any train with Pullman cars attached. In order to ensure that the mail on those trains would not be delayed, President Cleveland sent federal troops to break the strike, over the protests of Governor Altgeld. All Pullman employees were then required to sign a statement that they would never attempt to join a union.
Pullman was so hated by his employees that when he died in 1897, his heirs feared that the body would be stolen and held for ransom. The coffin was covered in tar paper and asphalt, and enclosed in the center of a room-sized block of concrete, reinforced with railroad ties. Ambrose Bierce said "It is clear the family in their bereavement was making sure the sonofabitch wasn't going to get up and come back."
The monument was designed by Solon Beman and features a towering Corinthian column, flanked by curved benches.
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Martin Ryerson (1818-1887) brought his lumber business to Chicago in 1850. He invested his lumber wealth in real estate, hiring the firm of Adler & Sullivan to build four office buildings. Upon Ryerson's death in 1887, Louis Sullivan was commissioned to design this mausoleum.
Louis Sullivan's design drew upon Egyptian traditions. For the base, he chose the form of the mastaba, a flat-roofed structure with sloped sides that pre-dates pyramids. Above the mastaba Sullivan placed a pyramid. The black granite gives a very solid and dramatic look to the entire structure.
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William Kimball (1828-1904) was a manufacturer of pianos.
Kimball's monument is one of the largest in Graceland. Across the rear are four Corinthian columns, with two more on the sides. The structure is without a roof. Below, an angel kneels, watching over the two graves beneath the floor. The entire monument is of white marble, and was erected in 1907 from a design by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White.
Much of the original detail has eroded away, most noticeably the face of the angel. On bright days, this monument is more brilliant than any other.
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Mayor Hempstead Washburne (Nov 11 1851 - Apr 13 1918) is buried behind the Kimball monument. His father, Elihu B. Washburne, was Secretary of State in the cabinet of President Grant.1
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Louis Henri Sullivan
Sept. 3, 1856 - Apr. 14, 1924
"Form follows function." -- Sullivan
Louis Henri Sullivan (Sept. 3, 1856 - Apr. 14, 1924) was one of Chicago's best-known architects. Among his works are the Auditorium Theater, the Carson Pirie Scott store, and the Transportation Building at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.
Louis Sullivan designed a total of three tombs, two of them here in Graceland:
Ryerson, 1887, Graceland
Getty, 1890, Graceland
Wainwright, 1892
Bellefontaine Cemetery,
St. Louis, Missouri
He died poor and for several years Sullivan himself had no monument at all. This stone was erected by his admirers using private contributions. The six-pointed pattern on the front is one of Sullivan's own designs, and features his profile in the center. The sides of the monument show the evolution of the skyscraper
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Lumber magnate William Goodman (1848-1936) hired architect Howard Van Doren Shaw to design this tomb in 1919 after the death of his son. Lieutenant Kenneth Sawyer Goodman, a playright, died in 1918 of influenza while in Naval training.
The Goodman tomb was built into a hillside on the shore of Lake Willowmere. A concrete platform in front, just above the water level, permits access to the front door. The ground slopes upward away from the lake, and, at the rear of the mausoleum, is level with its roof. Visitors may step onto the roof from the rear, protected by a granite railing on the other three sides. In the center of this railing is a marble panel featuring relief carvings in the classical style. To either side are the words from the Song of Solomon, "Until the Day Breaks and the Shadows Flee Away." (4:6)
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Potter Palmer (1826-1902)
Bertha Honoré Palmer (1850-1918).
Erected 1921.
Potter Palmer was responsible for much of the development of State Street. He operated an extremely successful dry-goods store in partnership with Marshall Field and Levi Leiter. In the 1860s he withdrew from this business (leasing the building to Field and Leiter for $50,000 a year). He owned 3/4 mile of State street and constructed a number of buildings, including the Palmer House Hotel. In 1871 he married the young and beautiful Bertha Honoré, daughter of Henry Hamilton Honoré.
The Palmer House Hotel was newly completed in 1871 when the Great Chicago Fire struck. In a single night, all of Palmer's State Street properties were destroyed. He borrowed $2 million from an insurance company, up to then the largest amount ever loaned to a private citizen, and immediately began rebuilding State Street and the new Palmer House Hotel.
Bertha Palmer was considered the queen of Chicago high society, and was a patron of Impressionist artists. The Palmers lived in a Gothic castle at 1350 North Lake Shore Drive, built in 1885. Before the construction of the Palmer home, south-side Prairie Avenue had been the most desirable residential real-estate for the rich, but following Palmer's lead they began building on the "Gold Coast". Mrs. Palmer created a 75-foot picture gallery in her richly ornamented home, collecting the work of French Impressionist painters such as Claude Monet. She frequently entertained such guests as President McKinley.
When Mrs. Palmer died in Florida in 1918, her body was returned to her castle beneath a blanket of orchids. Potter and Bertha Palmer now lie within the two large granite sarcophagi, with the inverted torches on the sides symbolic of death. Three generations of their descendants lie beneath the floor around them. McKim, Mead & White designed their tomb the style of a Greek temple, the largest and most magnificent in Graceland.
The burial scene in the movie Damien: Omen II takes place just north of the Palmer monument.
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Henry Hamilton Honoré (1823-1916) came to Chicago from Kentucky in 1855 and made his fortune in real estate. Honoré's daughter, Bertha, married Potter Palmer in 1871, shortly before the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the Honoré Building at Adams and Dearborn.
The Honoré tomb is in the French Gothic style, and was designed by McKim, Mead and White.
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John Peter Altgeld (1847-1902) served as governor of Illinois from 1893-1897. Early in his term as governor, he was asked to review the sentences of the surviving prisoners convicted after the Haymarket affair. He saw that a great injustice had been done - four men hanged, three imprisoned for life on the flimsiest of evidence - and issued a pardon for the survivors. Public opinion was still against the prisoners, however, and this move effectively ended Altgeld's political career.
The next year, during the Pullman strike, Altgeld refused to send in troops against the striking railway workers, and protested when President Cleveland defied his authority as governor and broke the strike. This resulted in as much public scorn as his pardon of the Haymarket prisoners.
Altgeld's monument has bronze plaques inscribed with his words, from his public speeches as well as his document pardoning Fielden, Neebe, and Schwab. Villified and ridiculed at the time, Altgeld is now seen as one of Illinois' most upright and heroic politicians.
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One of Ludwig Wolff's daughters, and three of his grandchildren, were killed in the Iroquois Theatre Fire of December 30, 1903.
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"Make no little plans,
they have no magic
to stir men's blood."
--DHB
Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846-1912), an architect and city planner, is responsible for many of the features of Chicago today. Wacker Drive, and the parks along the lakefront were among the ideas in Burnham's Chicago Plan of 1909. Not all of the plan was fulfilled - Wacker Drive was meant to be encircle the Loop entirely, and there was to have been a civic center complex further west.
Burnham gained fame as the chief of construction for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Burnham's "White City" influenced a great many architects to favor the neoclassical style over the next few decades, in spite of Sullivan's claims that architecture in America had been set back years.
Burnham and his family are buried under natural glacial granite boulders on a small island near the northern end of Lake Willomere. Burnham's island is reachable via a permanent footbridge.
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Henry Harrison Getty (1838-1920), a lumber merchant, commissioned this tomb for his wife Carrie Eliza Getty in 1890. Getty chose Louis Henri Sullivan to create his wife's tomb, admiring the work Sullivan had recently done for Getty's partner, Martin Ryerson.
Sullivan's Getty Tomb has been called "the beginning of modern architecure in America", and was designated a city landmark in 1971 by Mayor Daley.
The Getty tomb is in the shape of a cube, with the roof overhanging the walls slightly. Sullivan's trademark arches are above the doors and windows, concentric arches with radial spokes. Octagons fill the space around the arches on the upper half of the walls. An intricate bronze gate with floral and geometric patterns, another Sullivan trademark, stands in front of the equally ornate door. A plaster cast of this doorway won Sullivan an award at the Paris Exposition of 1900.
Chicago Landmarks / Getty Tomb
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During his term as Mayor, in August 1873 Joseph Medill gave up his responsibilities and appointed Lester L. Bond as Acting Mayor in his place. Bond served out the remainder of Medill's term.1
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Less is more!
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Architect
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Marshall Field (1835-1906) was the wealthiest man in Chicago of his time, worth an estimated $100 million when he died. Originally working as a clerk for Potter Palmer, he saved half of his $400/year salary, and in 1865 with his partner Levi Leiter bought Palmer's dry-goods store. Field and Leiter eventually became "Marshall Field and Company", which is now one of the most successful and widespread department-store chains in the world.
Field donated $8 million to establish the Field Museum of Natural History. His Prairie Avenue mansion was the first home in Chicago to be wired for electric lighting.
The monument, known as Memory, was designed in 1906 by Daniel Chester French and Henry Bacon, who later went on to create the Lincoln Memorial.
MarshallFields.com
Jazz Age Chicago - Marshall Field and Company
Graveyards of Omaha: The Black Angel - also by Daniel Chester French
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William Penn Frailey
Caroline Goodwill Frailey
Nellie C Frailey
The Frailey monument, featuring a distraught mourner, is on the northern edge of Graceland; the cemetery's wall can be seen in the background.
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William Hulbert, National League
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William M. Hoyt (1837-1925), prosperous grocery store owner, lost his daughter Emilie and her three children on December 30, 1903, in the Iroquois Theatre Fire.
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Howard van Doren Shaw, Architect
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Allan Pinkerton (1819-1884) was the world's first private detective. Emigrating to Chicago from Glasgow, Scotland, he discovered a gang of counterfeiters and assisted in their capture. He became deputy sheriff of Kane County, then Cook County, resigning from the police to form the Pinkerton Detective Agency in 1852. The Pinkerton logo, the All-Seeing Eye, inspired the phrase "Private Eye".
In 1861 Pinkerton uncovered a plot to assassinate President Lincoln. At Lincoln's request, Pinkerton began the U.S. Secret Service and served as its head. Through the use of a double agent, Pinkerton's secret service defeated a Confederate plot to free the 8000 prisoners of war at the South Side's Camp Douglas.
Pinkerton guards were employed by large manufacturing companies to put down strikes. In 1886, a riot broke out at the McCormick Reaper Works. The police, aided by Pinkerton's men, fired into the crowd, killing several. A rally was held days later in Haymarket square in which a bomb was thrown at police. The Haymarket affair resulted in several unjust convictions and executions.
Pinkerton is surrounded by his family and several Pinkerton employees. Timothy Webster, a bodyguard for Lincoln, was hanged as a Union spy during the Civil War. Also buried here are the first woman detective, Kate Warn, and Joseph Whicher, killed in pursuit of Jesse James.
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Julian Sidney Rumsey
18th MAYOR of Chicago
Republican
1861-1862
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Inez Clark (1873-1880) died at the age of six. Her parents commissioned a life-sized statue, which was completed a year later by a Sicilian sculptor, and placed over the grave. Later, a transparent plexiglass box was added to protect the likeness from the elements.
According to local legend, a night watchman, making his rounds during a storm, came across Inez's grave and saw that the box was empty. He fled, never to return. The next morning, the statue of the little girl was back in its usual place. Others have claimed to have briefly glimpsed a small child in 19th-century dress wandering through the cemetery.
Inez's grave remains popular today, perhaps due to the high quality of the likeness. The image remains in nearly perfect condition thanks to its protection from the elements. Gifts of flowers and toys can often be found at the base of the glass box.
The photo on the right, above, was used on the cover of the recent book Chicago Haunts by Ursula Bielski.
Around April of 1997, Inez Clarke's grave was vandalized. A large gouge was made in the front panel of the box, probably by an axe. The vandals evidently fled before they were able to penetrate the thick plexiglass, and the marble statue inside was unharmed. The front panel has since been replaced.
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Carter Henry Harrison I
24th MAYOR of Chicago
Democrat
1879-1887
Monroe Heath John Roche 1893 murdered
Born: February 15, 1825
Murdered: October 28, 1893
Carter Henry Harrison Sr was elected to four consecutive two-year terms as Mayor of Chicago. Then, after an unsuccessful run for Governor, he was reelected in 1893 and served as Mayor during the World's Columbian Exposition - a significant cultural event that brought Chicago to worldwide attention. Shortly before the scheduled closing ceremonies of the World's Fair, Mayor Harrison was shot and killed in his own home by Patrick Pendergast, a delusional young man who believed Harrison owed him a political appointment.
His son, similarly named Carter Henry Harrison, became Mayor four years later.
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