罗杰:海天佛国——普陀洛迦
·罗 杰·
早有游普陀的意愿,这次有机会去宁波,顺路游览了素有“海天佛国、琉璃世界”美誉的普陀山。
普陀山位于舟山群岛以东,由普陀、洛迦两岛组成。其佛教活动始于唐代,咸通四年(公元863年),日僧慧锷大师从五台山请观音像乘船归国,舟至普陀山外的莲花洋,触礁,以为观音不肯东渡,乃留圣像于潮音洞侧一农家供奉,遂有“不肯去观音”之说。后经历代兴建,寺院林立,历尽兴衰。鼎盛时期,全山共有3大寺、88庵、128茅蓬,4,000余僧侣。史上有“贡艘浮云,香船蔽日”的盛景。
我是从上海晚间乘船赴普陀的。一觉醒来,船已过舟山。拨开窗帘,我惊讶地发现眼前的大海竟是一片泥汤,行进中的轮船就像行驶在一条刚刚发过洪水的河流中,完全没有早年在青岛读书时那种碧海蓝天的感觉。
下了船先游览了普陀山主刹-普济禅寺。该寺初建于宋神宗元封三年(公元1080年),为宝陀观音寺。寺名经历代更改,到清康熙三十八年(公元1699)以康熙御提“普济群灵”额扁而定为普济禅寺,沿用至今。寺内古木参天,殿宇巍峨,宝炉紫烟,木鱼缠绵。相传蒋介石在生涯早期曾两度陪母亲上普陀山朝山进香,其间就借宿在普济禅寺旁的三圣堂。1949年蒋介石在兵败逃离大陆前又揩同儿子蒋经国两上普陀,可昔日的佛主已无法挽回他的败绩,无限江山,别时容易见时难啊。
游罢普济禅寺,又拜南海观音。这是件当代的建筑,据导游介绍造价三千万,全部由民间捐赠。整尊佛像由黄铜打造,高33米,大有金光闪耀,海天普照的磅礴气势。有趣的是我在底层功德厅的墙壁上发现有赖昌星捐赠的刻录,这真是佛法无边,来者不拒,人间善恶,捐完不管!
法雨禅寺是普陀第二大寺院,也因康熙御赐“天花法雨”的额匾而得名。法雨禅寺背靠佛顶山而建,主殿圆通宝殿为金陵(南京)明故宫拆移至此,重建而成,因此气势宏大,具有皇家风范。全寺殿宇六重,在第四层有通往佛顶山的香道。出了法雨禅寺,我沿依山而建的香道拾阶而上,登上佛顶山。这里是普陀的最高点,也是著名的慧济禅寺所在。
有别于普济和法雨两寺,备受皇家恩宠。慧济禅寺则从未受过皇家资助,虽位居普陀第三大寺院,但规模不大。然该寺得佛顶山地理之优,成为进山朝拜者最理想的寺庙,有不到佛顶山,不算拜完佛之说。佛顶山风光秀美,普陀的海天佛国之誉,上了山顶才能真正体味。
游罢三大寺院,天已渐晚,我乘索道从佛顶山一路下来,中途可见在半山腰又有一更大规模的寺院在建设中。劈山叠石,工程巨大,远非普济和法雨两寺可比。近年来各地佛事日盛,建筑空前。每逢佛日,香客云集,景象非凡。我虽不信教,但对国人的宗教情怀颇感兴趣。中国的儒、道、佛三教,历经兴衰,此消彼长,但这外来的佛教总是要较土生土长的道教来的兴旺,为什么呢?我的理解是,儒教其实是官教,为官之道;佛教是民教,百姓之道;而道教是士教,(玩世不恭的)知识分子之道也。中国的道教总是和采药者、隐士相连。他们是由一群有知识、有抱负,但悠悠不得志者组成,它当然争不过统治者之儒教,也争不过黎民百姓之佛教啦。
□ 寄自澳大利亚
====
>拨开窗帘,我惊讶地发现眼前的大海竟是一片泥汤,行进中的轮船就像行驶在一条刚刚发过洪水的河流中,
二十年前不是这样的。为此我还写过一首绿化诗。
http://www.mayacafe.com/forum/topic1sp.php3?tkey=1192279792
觀音﹐肯不肯去﹖
&
作者最后的感慨也独特。佛教确实要广,也要深一些。子不语,道不
论的东西,都有佛门止观。
有诗:世间好语佛说尽,天下名山僧占多。
- posted on 07/16/2008
xw wrote:
中国的儒、道、佛三教,历经兴衰,此消彼长,但这外来的佛教总是要较土生土长的道教来的兴旺,为什么呢?我的理解是,儒教其实是官教,为官之道;佛教是民教,百姓之道;而道教是士教,(玩世不恭的)知识分子之道也。中国的道教总是和采药者、隐士相连。他们是由一群有知识、有抱负,但悠悠不得志者组成,它当然争不过统治者之儒教,也争不过黎民百姓之佛教啦。
阿城说,佛教在中国迅速兴旺的原因是印度大麻比咱们的劲儿大:
http://publius.blogbus.com/logs/7673996.html - posted on 07/16/2008
哈,上次回国也翻了这本书,就觉着这段有意思,其他都没啥印象。阿城没有明确这个因果关系呀,是行人说的吧:)Drug在宗教历史上的作用肯定是不小的,就是不大见人提。象古希腊罗马的Dionysos 节也是这一类不过是用酒至幻。另一条线是从古到今的drug trade,不说别的,中国近代史都得从鸦片讲起。还有当初革命根据地开荒种地也不知种的是啥。我也能想像古代寺庙的自留地上种一小片pot,帮着大家修行入定。
很想听听玛雅怎么说,可惜她上不来。
- posted on 07/17/2008
玛雅快说啊,我给你贴。
我说我怎么这般喜欢印度呢?:-)
浮生 wrote:
哈,上次回国也翻了这本书,就觉着这段有意思,其他都没啥印象。阿城没有明确这个因果关系呀,是行人说的吧:)Drug在宗教历史上的作用肯定是不小的,就是不大见人提。象古希腊罗马的Dionysos 节也是这一类不过是用酒至幻。另一条线是从古到今的drug trade,不说别的,中国近代史都得从鸦片讲起。还有当初革命根据地开荒种地也不知种的是啥。我也能想像古代寺庙的自留地上种一小片pot,帮着大家修行入定。
很想听听玛雅怎么说,可惜她上不来。
- posted on 07/17/2008
是印度的之类还是阿富汗的鸦片,中国的草药从来也不差嘛。
我曾经读过一本叫《大麻》的书,是写《鸦片》的同一位作者的,里
面提到《奥义书》中的“娑摩”,据说与大麻有关:
http://www.mayacafe.com/forum/topic1sp.php3?tkey=1147988873 “娑摩”,Soma, Sama, 歌咏?
这阿城可能拜了位藏传喇嘛的偏师,有些走火:-)。
&
吸食鸦片大麻的大多数为可怜人:濒临灭绝的美洲印弟安部落,清末
乱世的华人,美国内战的战士及死难家属,英国贫民窟的无业人,法
国拿破仑失落后的世界,波德莱尔,小实验家德*昆西。。。
我这些陈述都是书中的,推荐这两本书。理性地看一下:
Opium: A History by Martin Booth
Cannabis : A History by Martin Booth
第一本(Opium)要好一些。
- posted on 07/17/2008
浮生 wrote:
哈,上次回国也翻了这本书,就觉着这段有意思,其他都没啥印象。阿城没有明确这个因果关系呀,是行人说的吧:)Drug在宗教历史上的作用肯定是不小的,就是不大见人提。象古希腊罗马的Dionysos 节也是这一类不过是用酒至幻。另一条线是从古到今的drug trade,不说别的,中国近代史都得从鸦片讲起。还有当初革命根据地开荒种地也不知种的是啥。我也能想像古代寺庙的自留地上种一小片pot,帮着大家修行入定。
我怎么记得阿城就是这么说的?等回家把书翻出来对对,我真那么老啦?。。。
看来人老了不但会忘事儿,还会往记忆里添事儿。
那本书里印象最深的是栗宪庭,真是个神人,不由人不服气。
- posted on 07/18/2008
Cannabis, China, India and Buddhism
自古诗经中就有采桑绩麻,华佗还有麻敷散。我在新疆四川沿路两旁
留意到野生大麻。此本不足稀奇,看看书中怎么说:
The medicianl use of cannabis was begun by shamans, magicians-cum-medicine men who sought to drive out the demons which it was believed caused illness. Using talismans, invocations and incense, and beating the walls and bed of the sick with cannabis stems, the shaman could supposedly exorcize the evil spirits.
Real scientific investigation, however, is credited to the legendary Emperor Shen Nung who lived in the third millennium BC. Concerned at the frequent failure of shamanism, he set about studying Chinese flora, often testing the plants on himself: it is said he turned green and died of self-administered poisoning.
His knowledge was said to have been collected in the Pen Ts'ao Ching, a chinese pharmacopoeia of which the earliest known version dates only to the first century AD. It became, however, the standard reference work for Chinese medicine, leading to Shen Nunb being known as the father of Chinese medicine and his deification. (His idol is traditionally green.) Shen Nung advised the use of 'hemp elixier' -- probably a tea made of cannabis leaves and flowers - to treat a wide range of ailments from gout to malaria. He also accepted hemp as a payment of tribute.
大麻(Cannabis sativa),桑科,分雄雌植株。雄株为枲(xi),牡麻
,雌侏为苴,子麻。
That the Chinese were familiar with cannabis being dioecious is proven by the Er Ya and, later, in the Eastern Han dynasty by another dictionary, the Shu-wen Jie-zhi, in which four variations for ma are given. Shen Nung noted the female plant's enhanced medicinal value whilst, in the Qui dynasty(AD479-502), the pricking out of male plants was a major public ceremony.
By the second century AD, Chinese medicine was the most advanced in the world and it was then that a famous physician, Hua Tuo, is said to have discovered that cannabis resin mixed with wine was an effective analgesic. It was called ma yo. He also invented another anaesthetic, ma-fu-san, a mixture of cannabis and aconite, and is said to have been able to conduct major invasive surgery by using it.
印度大麻由中国传去?从名称上来看,正好相反。Cannabis indica
From China, the knowledge of cannabis - and no doubt the plant or its seeds - also moved west to the Indian sub-continent, carried by traders or invaders, or both. Around 2000 BC, nomadic tribes started to spread out from contral Asia. The first were the Aryans from whom it is thought the Indians acquired the name bhang(or bhanga) for cannabis.
其实中国植物拉丁名多是冠以japonica或者indica.
The Aryans' religion was animistic and cannabis played an important role in their rituals. According to the Vedas, the four seminal books of the Hindu faith written in Vedic(early Sanskrit) about 1100 BC, the god Shiva brought cannabis down from the Himalayas for the pleasure of mankind. According to legend, cannabis was created when the gods stirred the heavenly oceans with the peak of Mount Mandara, possibly Mount Everest. A drop of celestial nectar, amrita, fell to earth and a hemp plant sprouted from the spot. It became the favourite drink of Indra, the Lord of Kings, and was subsequently consecrated to shiva. when evil demons tried to acquire it, they were defeated, hence cannabis being also called vijaya meaning 'victory'. Another myth has it that Shiva went into the fields any lay under a cannabis plant for shade: then, being hungry, he ate some of it and decided it was his favourite food. He is, consequently, sometimes known as the Lord of Bhang as well as by his more common title, Lord of the Dance. the Atharva Veda, the fourth book, says one communes with shiva through the use of cannabis, calls it one of the five sacred plants and contains a prayer asking it to deliver mankind from disaster, disease and demons. through its use, mankind is cleansed of sin. The Venidad, one of the volumes of the Zend-Avesta, the ancient Persian religious text written around the seventh century BC purportedly by Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism, and heavily incluenced by the Vedas, mentions bhang and lists cannabis as the most important of 10,000 medicinal plants.
这里提到婆摩,也可能是麻黄(Ephedra sinica, yellow hemp):
For a long while, cannabis was identified as the magical plant soma, mentioned several hundred times in hymns and chants in the ninth section of the first book of the Vedas, the Rig Veda.
最后提一下佛陀在林中苦修中,一日一麻实的事:
Cannabis was also revered by Buddhists. According to a Mahayana Buddhist legend, Prince Siddhartha, who became Buddha, is supposed to have existed for six years on an exclusive diet of hemp seed, whilst seeking enlightenment. Apparently, he ate just one seed a day.
In the Tantric religious movement that affected both Buddhism and Hinduism from the second century AD, cannabis played a central role. As with other beliefs, Tantrism was based upon a fear of, and a need to quell, demons. Spells and mantras were chanted as cannabis was burnt to drive off devils and it was used in the rituals of meditation and Tantric sexual yoga, consecrated to the goddess Kali.
哈哈,欢喜佛来啦。
- posted on 07/19/2008
浮生 wrote:
阿城没有明确这个因果关系呀,是行人说的吧:)Drug在宗教历史上的作用肯定是不小的,就是不大见人提。
哈,找到了。三联2006版,P56:
“佛教传来中国,迅速与儒教、道教、巫教平起平坐,有一个重要原因是同时传来的印度大麻比中国大麻劲儿大,佛经的本质是幻觉,是一种经验与概念的置换。。。。”
很想听听玛雅怎么说,可惜她上不来。
也想听。 - posted on 07/20/2008
谢xw敲这些段落,原来麻药的麻字是这个意思。你说中国植物拉丁名多是冠以japonica或者indica,是不是最早命名这些植物的人是在那些地方初次见到,也未必就是起源地?大米的最重要的两个亚种就是japonica和indica,没中国什么事儿。
阿城所谓佛教的本质是幻觉,什么教的enlightment不是幻觉呢,什么又是幻觉呢?我现在怀疑默罕莫德跑到山洞里去meditate,是不是躲一边吸麻去了:)
这有个年代表:A History Of Drug Use & Prohibition ,这条最逗,嘿嘿,有奶便是娘嘛:
1717 Liquor licenses in Middlesex (England) are granted only to those
who "would take oaths of allegiance and of belief in the King's supremacy
over the Church"
- posted on 07/23/2008
浮生 wrote:
谢xw敲这些段落,原来麻药的麻字是这个意思。你说中国植物拉丁名多是冠以japonica或者indica,是不是最早命名这些植物的人是在那些地方初次见到,也未必就是起源地?>
大概是。林奈高居瑞典,弟子们各地瞎参和,逮着印度就印度,逮着
日本就日本,印度要早一些,日本倒是隔了几代人,印度要传奇一些
,那时中国还在闭关呢。
按照上书所说,印度大麻有中国流去之据,此书是蛮学术的。
大米的最重要的两个亚种就是japonica和indica,没中国什么事儿。
名称而已。金刚经说:世界,非世界,是名世界。
阿城所谓佛教的本质是幻觉,什么教的enlightment不是幻觉呢,什么又是幻觉呢?我现在怀疑默罕莫德跑到山洞里去meditate,是不是躲一边吸麻去了:)
这有个年代表:http://www.lectlaw.com/files/drg09.htm">A History Of Drug Use & Prohibition ,这条最逗,嘿嘿,有奶便是娘嘛:
1717 Liquor licenses in Middlesex (England) are granted only to those
who "would take oaths of allegiance and of belief in the King's supremacy
over the Church"
如果单谈大麻,造绳、造纸、造帆麻布的功能远不亚于致幻功效。其
实真想至幻,独特一点的,应该自创才是。比如兰花的根须,十大功
劳的叶,也可以拿来试验嘛。
马黛茶不也是一种冬青叶?
Please paste HTML code and press Enter.
(c) 2010 Maya Chilam Foundation