门罗主义
新大陆打起来了
这共和政体内部的战争
欧洲玩固不化者
幸灾乐祸,拍手称快
英国贵族公挺南方
政府也派舰艇攻击北军
新拿破仑愈加狂妄:
新大陆彻底完蛋!
美洲是美国人的美洲
欧洲势力休想干预
这项国策中不变的国策
如今被搁置一旁
英国、法国和西班牙
混编远征军进攻墨西哥
拿破仑三世有预谋
重建墨西哥帝国
奥国大公马克西米连
拥立为皇帝,英西退军
法投机商纷纷涌进
掠夺矿产资源。内战
一结束,美政府下逐客令:
打一场?还是请退?
法军识相,新皇毙命
新大陆复归和平
08/18/2008
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...In the State of the Union Message, Monroe brought forward the slogan, namely
America is American America...
我欣赏宣言的修辞学上的意义。却也记成了:
America is America's America:)
- posted on 08/28/2008
Watermelon War
From 1850 until 1903, the US military had created very strong tension between Panamanian citizens and US officials. The tension brewed until massive race riots and revolts appeared all over Panama, creating turmoil in an already battered nation.
During this time, many Panamanian citizens despised the American citizens because they felt as if the US had dominated the labor force. Panamanians that once held jobs were left unemployed, because once the U.S. completed the trans-Panama railroad, they terminated the entire labor force. The U.S. then filled the administrative and supervisory roles with Americans, while only a few jobs were left for the Panamanians on the railroad lines.
During this railroad boom, many U.S. citizens were seen passing through Panama City, and with the animosity brewing, a riot was inevitable.
The Riot
On that particular April morning the U.S. steamer, John L. Stephens, transported about 1,000 passengers to Panama City. However, the station was located at the waterfront and Panama City did not then have any wharfs where ships could dock. Therefore, ships like John L. Stephens had to dock on a surrounding island, in this case Taboga Island, and then be ferried to Panama City. The passengers could only be ferried during high tide and, on this particular day, the John L. Stephens arrived during low tide; therefore, the passengers had to sit and wait on high tide.
Most of the passengers were drunk by this time because many of them had visited the local cantinas before the trip. One very drunk and arrogant American, Jack Oliver, decided to walk around the station and encountered a vendor selling watermelon. Oliver grabbed a slice of the watermelon, which was priced at five cents per slice, and refused to pay for it. The vendor yelled at Oliver and eventually pulled out a knife and threatened him. One of Oliver’s friends then tossed five cents at the vendor, but the vendor continued yelling at Oliver until Oliver pulled out a gun. At this point the vendor took off running, but another Panamanian, who saw the entire incident, grabbed Oliver’s arm and the two struggled for the gun. During this struggle, the gun went off and a bystander was wounded.
At this point, the riot was unavoidable as more Panimanians arrived and more shots began to be fired. Many Americans were beaten unmercifully, robbed, and many buildings were destroyed. When the police arrived later, one of them was hit by a bullet, which forced them to join in the riot. Everyone in the area, even the police and authority figures, were involved in the Watermelon War.
Finally, a train arrived filled with armed railroad men, who were led by Randolph Runnels. The railroad men then fired at the mob and most of them ran for cover. Runnels then shouted to the mob to put down the weapons and come out with their hands over their heads.
In the end, Governor Aniño, submitted an official report that stated 15 Americans were dead and 16 wounded, and 2 Panamanians were dead and 13 wounded
Consequences
On July 18, the American commissioner, Amos Corwine, recommended in his report " ... the immediate occupation of the isthmus." This raised a series of diplomatic controversies. Accordingly, the North American authorities attended to the report and on September, 1856 American troops unlawfully invaded Panama disembarking in the isthmus and taking the railway station.
On September 19 of that year, a detachment of 160 soldiers took possession of the railway station. The city was calm and three days later, the troops moved back without having fired a single shot. This brief occupation was supposedly justified according to the U.S. government by a clause in the Agreement of 1846, by means of which, the United States was guaranteeing the neutrality of the isthmus, so that transit was not interrupted.
Proposal
Taking advantage for their own benefit the United States made the following proposals:
1. That the city of Panama and Colón had to be free cities and that they were governed under the sovereignty of Panama, and jointly they will control a strip land twenty miles wide from ocean to ocean, with the railroad as the central line.
2. Panama had to transfer several islands in the Bay of Panama to the United States to use them as naval bases.
3. Panama had to transfer its rights on the Panamanian Railroad to the United States
4. Panama had to pay compensation for damages for the loss of life and the destruction of property.
Compensation
Finally the government of Panama accepted the terms and signed the Herrán-Cass Agreement. On September 10, 1857 the Panamanian government established a sum compensation of $412.394 in gold for damages.
195.410 dollars for indemnifications derived from the riot.
65.070 dollars for new claims.
9.277 dollars for expenses of the commissioners
142.637 dollars for interests.
The United States was not alone in demanding indemnifications, France and England, whose citizens turned out to be affected as well, also demanded compensation.
In turn, the United States used this incident as an excuse to put Article 35 of the Mallarino-Bidlack Agreement into practice. That is to say, its prerogative of safeguarding the neutrality and free transit in Panama, and use of armed forces when the local government is deemed unfit. This motivated a series of American interventions in the isthmus during the 19th and 20th century, which at last irritated the xenophobia and the nationalistic feeling of the Panamanians.
According to the Gazette of the State of May 3, 1856, the dead persons were Lucas Prados and Apolinar N. of Panama; and Robert Marks, of Pennsylvania; Octavio Dubois, French; N. Stokes, of the filibusters of William Walker (soldier); Alexander Sweet, of Maine and another 12 of whom the names are not known.
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今天吃西瓜,翻历史,突然翻到“西瓜片事件”,放在门罗主义一线
下面吧。好在今天刚讨论了门罗主义。 - posted on 08/28/2008
归根到底还是利益与科学
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门罗主义
http://baike.baidu.com/view/89190.htm 门罗主义 Monroe, Doctrine
1823年12月2日美国第5届总统J.门罗在国情咨文中提出的美国对外政策的原则,史称“门罗主义”。是美国对外扩张政策的重要标志。
从T.杰斐逊执政起,美国进入大规模领土扩张时期。其扩张政策与英国发生尖锐的冲突。在美英战争(1812)中,美国向北扩张的企图受挫,因而把扩张的矛头指向拉丁美洲。可是,欧洲的“神圣同盟”企图干涉拉丁美洲的独立运动;英国也乘机向拉美地区扩张。1823年8月,英国外交大臣G.坎宁邀请美国共同反对俄、普、奥3国“神圣同盟”对拉美各国的干涉,禁止再把拉丁美洲殖民化,得到门罗的赞同。
1823年12月2日,门罗总统在致国会咨文中宣称:美国将不干涉欧洲列强的内部事务或它们之间的战争;美国承认并且不干涉欧洲列强在拉丁美洲的殖民地和保护国;欧洲列强不得再在南、北美洲开拓殖民地;欧洲任何列强控制或压迫南北美洲国家的任何企图都将被视为对美国的敌对行为。提出“美洲是美洲人的美洲”的口号。实际上,宣布拉丁美洲属于美国的势力范围。从某种意义上讲,门罗主义在客观上起到了防止已独立的拉美国家再沦为欧洲列强的殖民地的作用。
门罗宣言最初并未引起国外足够的重视。1870年以后,始有“门罗主义”的提法。随着美国成为世界强国,在门罗主义的指导下,美国于1876年调解阿根廷与巴拉圭间的边界纠纷;1880年调解哥伦比亚与智利间的纠纷;1881年解决墨西哥与危地马拉间,智利与阿根廷、智利与秘鲁间的边界纠纷。1895年美国在英属圭亚那与委内瑞拉边界问题上,迫使英国让步,同意成立仲裁法庭,以确定两国边界。1904年T.罗斯福(1901-1909在任)提出“罗斯福推论”,进一步补充了门罗主义。他指出,某个拉美国家一旦“闹事”,美国可以干涉其内部事务。在罗斯福、T.W.威尔逊任内,美国经常干涉拉丁美洲,尤其是加勒比地区的内部事务。1933年以后F.D.罗斯福执政时放弃干涉政策,转而推行睦邻政策。
第二次世界大战后,美国在拉美地区依然奉行门罗主义。1959年6月,美国操纵雇佣军入侵危地马拉;1961年4月,美国组织雇佣军入侵古巴;在加勒比海危机中,迫使苏联作出让步;1964年1月,美国直接干涉巴拿马;1965年美国出兵多米尼加镇压多米尼加人民武装起义;1983年美国与6个加勒比国家组成“多国部队”出兵格林纳达。这些行动都可视为是门罗主义的继续。
有些中国学者认为,门罗主义的宣布是以投神圣同盟的威胁英国之机,来抵御英国对美国扩张政策的威胁,以保障美国在拉丁美洲扩张的行动自由。因此,门罗主义也可视为美国侵略拉丁美洲的一种政策。
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