美国总统威尔逊的十四点声明
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points
一九一八年一月八日威尔逊总统向国会发表的演说
我们的愿望和宗旨是这样的:缔造和平的过程一经开始就要绝对公开的进行,之后并不得包藏或者容许任何种类的秘密默契。征服和扩大势力的日子已经过去了;缔结那种仅仅有利於少数国家,但是在某些意外的时机里却会必然地颠覆世界和平的秘密条约的日子也已经过去了。负有公共责任的人,大体上是不会再迷恋一个已经过去的时代的。目前,对这个事实是看得更加清清楚楚的了。於是,每一个以维护正义和世界和平为宗旨的国家,今后便可以把他心里头的目的,公开的陈述出来了。
我们参加这次战争,是因为正义受到侵犯;这些侵犯正义的事实,使我们痛心,除非这些事实获得矫正并且保证不再在世界上出现,我们本国人民的生活便不可能维持。因此,我们在这次战争中所要求的,绝不仅仅是和我们本身有关的东西。我们所要求的,就是要使世界适於人类生存和安居乐业。特别是要使这个世界成为这样的一个世界:所有爱好和平的国家,所有像我们的国家一样希望依照自己的方式来生活,希望自己决定自己的制度,希望获得正义和世界上其他民族的公平待遇,而不至於受到暴力和自私的侵略的保证的国家,都能够安居乐业的世界。事实上,全世界各民族都是这一个事业的共同创造者。同时,就我们本身而论,我们看得十分清楚:除非正义遍及他人,否则正义也不会单独降临在我们身上。所以,世界和平的方案,就是我们的方案:而依照我们的看法,这个方案,这个唯一可能的方案,应该是这样的:
一 公开的和平条约应该以公开的方式缔结而成。以后国际间不得有任何种类的秘密默契,外交也必须从头到尾在众目睽睽之下坦白进行。
二 在各国领海以外的大洋和水域,有绝对的航行自由,不管是在平时或战时都一样。只有在执行国际公约的国际行动的时候,可以例外的封锁海洋的一部
三 尽最大可能地消除经济障碍,并在所有同意接受和平及协同维持和平的国家之间建立平等的贸易条件。
四 互相充分的保证各国的军备减少到符合保卫国家内部安全的最低程度。
五 关於各国对各殖民地的权利的主张,应该做自由,开明和大公无私的调整。调整的基础在於严格地遵守下面的原则:在决定关於主权的一切问题的时候,当地居民的利益,应该要和拥有尚未完全决定的管辖权的政府的正当要求获得同等的重视。
六 撤退现在在俄罗斯领土上的所有军队。要解决目前所有关於俄罗斯的问题,解决的原则应该是:由世界上其他的国家,以最合理最自由的合作,使得俄国获得毫无阻挠与毫无困扰的机会,以独立决定他本身的政治发展和国家政策,并且保证他在自己决定的制度之下,可以获得自由国家所组成的国际社会诚挚的欢迎。同时,除了欢迎之外,并能够获得其他国家给予他所需要并希望获得的各种协助。俄国的姊妹国家在未来的数个月之间,对她的态度,将可以确实地考验出她们是否具有善意,是否对於她的需要,有超脱她们本身利害的理解,是否有明智而不自私的同情心。
七 在比利时的占领军应该撤退,其领土应该恢复,并不得企图限制她与其他自由的国家同样地享有主权。这应该成为全世界所同意的原则。此外,也没有哪一种行为可以像他一样有同样的作用:可以使世界各国对於她们本身所建立和确认为规定她们彼此间关系的法律,恢复信心。如果没有这项表示和好的行动,国际法的整个体系与效力,将永远遭受损害。
八 法国全部的领土应该获得自由。被侵占的法国地区应该归还。同时,一八七一年普鲁士在阿尔萨斯,洛林问题上所加诸法国的侵犯,已经使得世界的和平受到侵扰几达五十年之久,自然应当予以平反,这样才能确保和平并使得我们全体的利益受到最大的保障。
九 义大利的疆界必须依照民族特性加以清楚的确定。
十 对於奥匈帝国统治下的各个民族,我们希望看到他们的国际地位受到保证和确定,同时给予他们最大的自由自治的发展机会。
十一 罗马尼亚,塞尔维亚,及蒙地哥内罗的占领军应该撤退。被占领的土地应该被归还。塞尔维亚应被给予自由安全的出海通道。而巴尔干诸国的相互关系,应该按照他们历史上已经确立的政治归属和民族成分为原则,通过友好的协商而加以决定。同时,对於巴尔干诸国的政治及经济的独立和领土的完整,亦应透过国际条约予以保障。
十二 现行鄂图曼帝国的土耳其本部,应保有其稳固的主权;但其他现在在土耳其人统治下的各个民族,则应保证他们有确实安全的生活和绝不受干扰的自治发展的机会;同时,鞑靼尼尔海峡应该在国际社会的保证之下永远开放,成为世界各国船只和商务进出的自由通道。
十三 应该要建立一个独立的波兰,她的领土应该包括所有没有疑义的的波兰人所居住的地区;同时,她必须被保证拥有一个自由的出海的通道。而她政治及经济的独立和领土的完整,则应由国际公约加以保障。
十四 一个一般的国际组织必须根据具体的国际公约加以组成,以使得大小各国同样的获得政治独立和领土完整的相互保证。
就这些根本错误的纠正和公理的伸张而言,我们觉得自己是所有联合一致反对帝国主义的各国政府的人民的亲密的合作者。我们的利害一致,同时也密合无间。我们必将并肩合作到底。
我们现在所已经陈述的条款,已经是如此的具体,自然也就不容有任何怀疑和质问的余地。在我所罗列的整个方案里,贯穿著一个鲜明的原则,这是一个使得正义遍及一切人民和国家的原则:确认他们不管是强或是弱,在彼此平等的条件上,都有享受自由和安全生活的权利的公平原则。除非这一个原则成为国际正义的基础,否则一个维持国际正义的机构便不可能有任何一部分可以建立。美利坚合众国的人民决不可能依照其他的原则而行动;而他们为了维护这个原则,愿意奉献出他们的生命,荣誉和所有的一切。这一个最高的道德的考验,争取人类自由的最后的最有决定性的战争,已经来临了,他们准备把他们所有的力量,最崇高的理想,坚持和虔诚,付诸考验。
Fourteen Points
1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
5. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
6. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy.
7. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.
8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
9. A re-adjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
10.The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.
11.Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.
12.The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
13.An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.
14.A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
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这十四项历史计划或原则,是巴黎和会前的。里面提出的各项原则对
以后的历史发展,尤其是各民族独立,自然地图,影响深远。
因为讨论到波兰,波兰是第十三项,我记得有一项阿拉伯国家的,阿
拉伯劳伦斯资料片中提到,怎么被略去了。
威尔逊带着新大陆理想赴会,会后染上一身旧大陆的污气:)
- Re: 美国总统威尔逊的十四点声明posted on 09/07/2008
就是第十二条啦。
xw wrote:
我记得有一项阿拉伯国家的,阿
拉伯劳伦斯资料片中提到,怎么被略去了。
- Re: 美国总统威尔逊的十四点声明posted on 09/07/2008
Susan wrote:
就是第十二条啦。
xw wrote:
我记得有一项阿拉伯国家的,阿
拉伯劳伦斯资料片中提到,怎么被略去了。
嗯,这一片段:
...but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development,
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