从这个星期开始,我要交作业了,先打个草稿,也借此继续我们有关毒品的讨论。
今天想谈昨晚看的一个节目是历史频道的Hooked: Illegal Drugs and How They Got That Way,帮助我们了解美国毒品历史以及世界禁毒的历史。
Derived from South America's coca leaf, cocaine was touted as a cure-all in the late 19th century and was the secret ingredient in many medicines and elixirs such as Coca-Cola. But cocaine's allure quickly diminished as racism entered the picture--the concept of the "cocaine-crazed Negro" even led police to strengthen the caliber of their guns from .32 to .38. We'll see how, though it was outlawed in 1914, its popularity soared in the 1980s and '90s and gave birth to a deadlier form--crack.
How did the psychedelic drugs LSD and Ecstasy journey from a scientific discovery to a popular recreation to banned drugs? Mental health professionals once believed that LSD could treat schizophrenia or alcoholism. Meanwhile, Ecstasy, the "penicillin for the soul", was used in marriage counseling. Now, continuing the cycle of the hallucinogen, some of the latest derivatives in this category of drugs, the "rave" drugs such as GHB and Ketamine, are about to be banned.
http://www.history.com/shows.do?action=detail&episodeId=300298
其中提到尼克松其实是最严厉的禁毒总统。那个时候,为了平息60年代末的反叛青年的情绪,开始让大麻、蘑菇等成为禁品,并开始研发稳固“和谐社会”的抗抑郁药品。铲除一切反叛, 把与“和谐社会”不合作的公民全部收押进监狱。借着保护青少年健康的名义,反毒品战成为镇压社会进步青年最有效的战役。之后的里根与布什两代,更是发扬光大,进一步打杀毒品交易,以达到“专政”目的。
难怪大陆那么推崇尼克松呢。这招够阴险,一切有独立思考的人都进监狱,让人想起那个“飞跃疯人院” 的电影。
GHB是现在最可怕的毒品吗?现在被关押的与毒品有关的罪犯大概站监狱总人数的一半,这说明什么?
- posted on 06/13/2009
DRUG WAR INVENTED BY NIXON TO EXTEND HIS POWER
by Fintan O'Toole
13 Aug 1999--This week, when the Garda seized 100,000 ecstasy tablets in Dublin, the haul was widely reported to have a "street value" of 1.2 million pounds. That phrase "street value" has become so familiar a part of drugs crime reporting that we take it for granted. And yet it is, if you think about it, a rather obvious distortion
Valuing a wholesale load of drugs by the price it might fetch if and when it reaches the point of sale is like valuing a herd of rustled cattle by calculating what the meat might sell for as prime steak in a fancy restaurant
By quoting such figures, rather than the actual cost to the dealers of the drugs, the success of the operation is dramatised
This game suits the Garda and the media and probably does little harm. It's worthy of attention only as evidence of the forgotten but pervasive legacy of events which culminated 25 years ago this summer and which continues to be recognised by a single word - Watergate
The long-term consequences of Watergate are agreed to be profound. It massively enhanced the power of the press. It greatly diminished the prestige of public office, creating, far beyond the US, a scepticism about the integrity of great leaders. All of this has been commented on as nauseam, most recently during the Lewinsky affair
And yet the most profound effect of Watergate may well be something which is seldom if ever mentioned in the history of those strange events - the distortion of public policy on drugs
Who now remembers that the Watergate conspirators (G. Gordon Liddy, John Ehrlichman, John Mitchell, Egil Krogh and others) were among the fathers of the "drugs war"? Their invention and manipulation of understanding the drugs problem was at the heart of Nixon's attempt to build a private security apparatus to extend his power beyond its democratic limits
The drugs war started out as a matter of cynical politics. Nixon won office in 1968 largely on the back of a "law and order" campaign. He promised to crack down on street crime and to make the US safe
Once in office, he quickly discovered that the president had no real control over law enforcement and that he would have to run for re-election in 1972 in the face of ample evidence that crime was continuing to rise and that all his tough talk had led nowhere. The solution was to build up a panic about drugs and to invent a war on heroin in which the president could be the hero
The men who would become notorious through Watergate were brought in to create this war. They started by manufacturing an emergency, hyping up an "epidemic" which had in fact reached its peak before Nixon took office and was actually declining. In 1971, Nixon's administration claimed that heroin use was responsible for $18 billion of property crime a year. In fact, the total of all property crime in the US in 1971 was $1.3 billion
Likewise, the total number of heroin addicts was wildly exaggerated. Data for 1969 showed that there were 68,000 addicts in the US. These same data, however, were statistically "reinterpreted" to increase the figure first to 315,000 and then to 559,000. By reworking precisely the same set of figures, Nixon's people produced a "tenfold" increase in the number of junkies in two years. This increase was accepted by the media and Congress
Then, in the real master stroke, the same figures were reworked again to show that there were 150,000 addicts. This massive "decrease" was then cited as the great success of the war on drugs. The term "street value" was given currency as a way of glorifying these apparent successes
Nixon's drug war delivered large doses of farce. A doped-out Elvis Presley was inducted as an honorary member of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. A heroin "sniffer" device - conspicuously concealed in a Volkswagen camper van with a snorkel sticking out of the roof - was dispatched to Marseilles in the belief that it could locate the labs where morphine was turned into heroin. The intricate map of heroin labs it produced turned out to be a map of Marseilles restaurants: the "sniffer" was unable to distinguish the fumes emitted by heroin from those emitted by salad dressing
In spite of these and other fiascos, however, the drugs war took hold in the public imagination. Instead of being understood as a health and social problem, drug addiction was defined as a law-and-order problem. Movies and TV serials spread the image of the drugs war around the world and shaped the way most countries responded to the problem of drug abuse
There was, though, a hidden agenda. Nixon wanted all along to have his own private security agency, beyond the control of the FBI, the CIA or any other official government body, which could investigate leaks, tap phones and gather intelligence on his internal and external opponents
G. Gordon Liddy came up with the brilliant idea that the best way to do this was to establish the agency under the cloak of the war on drugs. Who, after all, would complain if a little illegality was indulged in the cause of protecting the families of US from the plague of heroin?
Nixon ordered John Ehrlichman and Egil Krogh to establish this unit which was to be called the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement
The Watergate conspirators who came to be known as "the plumbers" - Liddy and Krogh, who had been leading figures in the administration's drugs war, Howard Hunt, who was brought in from the CIA, and others - were assembled, a preliminary version of this putative anti-narcotics agency. Krogh, the official co-ordinator of Nixon's war on drugs, was also, in his unofficial capacity, the head of "the plumbers" who organised the Watergate break-in
Liddy, the most colourful and notorious of "the plumbers", was Krogh's assistant. Hunt was a consultant on the drug problem to the president's Domestic Council. Essentially, Nixon's covert criminals and his drug warriors were one and same. As Edward Jay Epstein put it in his remarkable 1977 investigation, Agency of Fear, "the new opiate war provided the perfect cover for this seizure of power"
The weird thing is that long after these people were found out and sent to jail, the rhetoric and imagery which they had pioneered in the manipulation of the drugs issue retained its power
By a supreme irony, these criminals shaped a key aspect of law enforcement worldwide. The notion that drug addiction needed to be fought as a war between the state and the traffickers, rather than a social disease, took a hold which has yet to be relinquished
It was a Watergate legacy so insidious that few people remember its origins. Only now, after decades of waste and failure, is it becoming possible to think of drug abuse in terms other than those which were invented by Nixon's crooks - posted on 06/13/2009
Legal Vs. Illegal Drugs
Many have also stressed the inequality of certain drugs remaining illegal while others that are equally harmful are completely legal. Examples of this include both tobacco and alcohol being legal and with few inter-personal restrictions despite them both being potentially harmful to a person's health.
[edit]Racial inequities in prosecution
The social consequences of the drug war have been widely criticized by such organizations as the American Civil Liberties Union as being racially biased against minorities and disproportionately responsible for the exploding United States prison population. According to a report commissioned by the Drug Policy Alliance, and released in March 2006 by the Justice Policy Institute, America's "Drug-Free Zones" are ineffective at keeping youths away from drugs, and instead create strong racial disparities in the judicial system.[26] - Re: [千字八股文] drug, 反毒品还是镇压异己?Is this a war against drug or against individualism?posted on 06/13/2009
- posted on 06/13/2009
玛雅谈到drug , 想起读到Diamond 曾经谈到“Why do we smoke, Drink, and use Dangerous drugs?". 小结一下搬过来, 提供另一方面的思路和参考。
尽管用chemicals, abuse drugs 自我毁灭是人类的特有的现象,但是这种现象在动物界是能找到前身的,是能放入一个广义上的动物行为模式里。
所有动物都要发展进化出一个最快的向其他动物传达信息的方式和信号,但若是这种信号是很容易被任何个体的动物学会和掌握,就会导致猖獗的造假而没法有交流的诚信度(sounds familiar?). 要增加可信度, 当一个信号攀上附加的risk 或代价,只有很优越的个体能够做到的时候,这种信号就表达出很强的诚意和真实度。 很多动物进化出的信号就有这类特点,例如雄性孔雀用昂贵的华丽的开屏来吸引雌性孔雀。就是这类行为。
这种行为在戴蒙看来是促进人类艺术进化的一个因素,也随带促进人类的对化学物质的滥用。艺术和滥用药物化学物质同时是人类行为的标志之一
, 在各个不同的人种社会中都存在。 但是乍一眼,很难解释这种现象有助于人类的生存和繁衍? 艺术可做为一个个体的优越性和身份的有效标志,因为艺术需要才能去创造,也需要财富和身份去获取。而这类人能更容易获取配偶。人类不仅通过艺术来显示自己的身份和优越于其他同类,还通过其他的方式:如从高处跳下,飙车,乃至滥用药物都是高惊险的行为,前者昂贵标榜地位和财富,后者惊险标榜技能和胆量,都是用来显示个体的独特和优越。
当然这不是唯一的因素,就如艺术,即使开始时是因此而发展而来(这点并不确定),现在也衍化成自成体系的人类行为,超越了最早的标榜的功能。而滥用药物化学物质也不仅仅是来标榜,还用来释放压抑,浇灭悲楚, 或仅仅是享受一下美味的酒。
但是动物界那些行为,它们的通过sexsual selection 而获得更多mates的益处超过或补偿了在natural selection的不利之处,所以总的来说是有利自身的。而对人类的滥用药物化学物质,则是代价多于好处。 上瘾者不但命短,而且也不能吸引潜在的mates, 更无法抚养下一代。这种行为不会断根,并不是如动物界那样有潜在的好处, 而是药物的上瘾性导致的。总的来说是自我毁灭而不是有利自身。 从这点说来滥用药物已从动物的原型分道扬镳而成为人类的行为标志
- posted on 06/13/2009
草叶医生,你总结得太精辟了,脱帽一个!
草叶 wrote:
玛雅谈到drug , 想起读到Diamond 曾经谈到“Why do we smoke, Drink, and use Dangerous drugs?". 小结一下搬过来, 提供另一方面的思路和参考。
尽管用chemicals, abuse drugs 自我毁灭是人类的特有的现象,但是这种现象在动物界是能找到前身的,是能放入一个广义上的动物行为模式里。
所有动物都要发展进化出一个最快的向其他动物传达信息的方式和信号,但若是这种信号是很容易被任何个体的动物学会和掌握,就会导致猖獗的造假而没法有交流的诚信度(sounds familiar?). 要增加可信度, 当一个信号攀上附加的risk 或代价,只有很优越的个体能够做到的时候,这种信号就表达出很强的诚意和真实度。 很多动物进化出的信号就有这类特点,例如雄性孔雀用昂贵的华丽的开屏来吸引雌性孔雀。就是这类行为。
这种行为在戴蒙看来是促进人类艺术进化的一个因素,也随带促进人类的对化学物质的滥用。艺术和滥用药物化学物质同时是人类行为的标志之一
, 在各个不同的人种社会中都存在。 但是乍一眼,很难解释这种现象有助于人类的生存和繁衍? 艺术可做为一个个体的优越性和身份的有效标志,因为艺术需要才能去创造,也需要财富和身份去获取。而这类人能更容易获取配偶。人类不仅通过艺术来显示自己的身份和优越于其他同类,还通过其他的方式:如从高处跳下,飙车,乃至滥用药物都是高惊险的行为,前者昂贵标榜地位和财富,后者惊险标榜技能和胆量,都是用来显示个体的独特和优越。
当然这不是唯一的因素,就如艺术,即使开始时是因此而发展而来(这点并不确定),现在也衍化成自成体系的人类行为,超越了最早的标榜的功能。而滥用药物化学物质也不仅仅是来标榜,还用来释放压抑,浇灭悲楚, 或仅仅是享受一下美味的酒。
但是动物界那些行为,它们的通过sexsual selection 而获得更多mates的益处超过或补偿了在natural selection的不利之处,所以总的来说是有利自身的。而对人类的滥用药物化学物质,则是代价多于好处。 上瘾者不但命短,而且也不能吸引潜在的mates, 更无法抚养下一代。这种行为不会断根,并不是如动物界那样有潜在的好处, 而是药物的上瘾性导致的。总的来说是自我毁灭而不是有利自身。 从这点说来滥用药物已从动物的原型分道扬镳而成为人类的行为标志
- posted on 06/14/2009
One pill makes you larger
And one pill makes you small
And the ones that mother gives you
Don't do anything at all
--- Lyrics of "White Rabbit" from Alice in Wonderland
Recreational drugs can loosely fit into two categories: one picks you up, one calms you down. The biggest asset of human being -- an evolved brain -- is also the biggest liability. Physiologically it is already difficult enough to balance all the chemicals in the brain. To make things worse, humans have acquired a very unfortunate gift: the ability to foresee a certain inevitable fate. The existential angst alone is often enough to tip us over. The history of drug use is also a history of mankind struggling to maintain the balance. But balance is hard. We are all stuck in this rabbit hole. All we wanted was to make our conditions stable enough so we can reach for the key to the secret door out. The key seems within reach, yet so unabtainable isn't it? My poor Alice.
- Re: [千字八股文] drug, 反毒品还是镇压异己?Is this a war against drug or against individualism?posted on 06/15/2009
可卡因我没有研究,但可乐使用古柯叶我还是知道的。据说现在饮料
红牛里含的比例更高,难怪说Energy什么的。
要说能量,我以前提到的南美饮料瓜拿纳(Guanara)里面的咖啡因的
含量更大,我喝了嘴皮都会破
据说是正常咖啡的十倍。曾经看过一个BBC的古柯资料片,那秘鲁高
原一带,毒品泛滥。当然,当地土著一直都嚼古柯叶的。但贩毒团伙
很具有全民性,记者问理由,他们说得可振振有词啦,这个我就不在
咖啡里引啦,咖啡里太左!
- posted on 06/15/2009
你是咖啡里对马列主义最认真,有兴趣的人, 是不是最左的?
开个玩笑, 总是不知道你在说些什么, 云里雾里,莫明其妙的。
xw wrote:
可卡因我没有研究,但可乐使用古柯叶我还是知道的。据说现在饮料
红牛里含的比例更高,难怪说Energy什么的。
要说能量,我以前提到的南美饮料瓜拿纳(Guanara)里面的咖啡因的
含量更大,我喝了嘴皮都会破
据说是正常咖啡的十倍。曾经看过一个BBC的古柯资料片,那秘鲁高
原一带,毒品泛滥。当然,当地土著一直都嚼古柯叶的。但贩毒团伙
很具有全民性,记者问理由,他们说得可振振有词啦,这个我就不在
咖啡里引啦,咖啡里太左!
- posted on 06/15/2009
yangzi wrote:
你是咖啡里对马列主义最认真,有兴趣的人, 是不是最左的?
开个玩笑, 总是不知道你在说些什么, 云里雾里,莫明其妙的。
反诘得很好。我读马克思,还真想学习怎么作一个右派,这个读尼采
是读不来的哟。比如说真正的实力派怕马克思,绝不怕尼采。
右,在路易波拿巴与雾月十八里读得很明晰。另外,我想就是马克思
的险恶用心,自然比右还右。达尔文后来右偏左,马克思左偏右,一
直批判所谓的“左派”幼稚病。
我们谈可卡因和古柯的吧,怎么谈成马克思了?我贴子中说的左,在
当今世界更可以理解成所谓“正治正确”,不渗透的。
- posted on 06/16/2009
谢草医生帮助补充的这些内容,被启发中~~~:)
多数人用药,主要的目的还是逃避与减痛, 吸引mate倒是没想过,草医生给了一个很特殊的视角,有趣 。
艺术家用药也分很多种,首要的是减压,艺人(音乐表演等)需要在短期内让才艺爆发能量,是相当耗费体力的,压力巨大。在LA呆久了,其实很佩服那些演员,他们的工作真的不是常人能胜任的。艺术生命那样短暂,台上的几分钟需要汇聚很大的能量来完成。与运动员用禁药非常类似,都是需要在短时间内爆发能量的运动。其他的原因,就不用多说了。
这篇文章的主旨是谈美国政治的。谈政治家如何利用药物来达到维护社会次序的目的。美国利用drug war控制中南美洲,这是非常明显的,对哥伦比亚、尼加拉瓜的政治影响就是通过所谓的drug war进行,听起来都是道貌岸然的政治正确理由。 - Re: [千字八股文] drug, 反毒品还是镇压异己?Is this a war against drug or against individualism?posted on 06/17/2009
咖啡里引啦,咖啡里太左!但贩毒团伙很具有全民性,记者问理由,他们说得可振振有词啦,这个我就不在
说说,他们怎么说的?咖啡是忽左忽右,运动中:) - posted on 06/19/2009
玛雅 wrote:
咖啡里引啦,咖啡里太左!但贩毒团伙很具有全民性,记者问理由,他们说得可振振有词啦,这个我就不在
说说,他们怎么说的?咖啡是忽左忽右,运动中:)
唉,玛雅又引我犯错误。记得当年听温元凯的讲座,讲座好好的,底
下人提几个问题,就火爆起来了。还有方励之,也这样。
原话是很烈的,比马克思骂得还烈,跟坤沙,拉丁说得差不多。南美
有个切*格瓦拉,听他怎么说的?
The merit of Marx is that he suddenly produces a qualitative change in the history of social thought. He interprets history, understands its dynamic, predicts the future, but in addition to predicting it, he expresses a revolutionary concept: the world must not only be interpreted, it must be transformed.
-- Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary
药品与战争的关系,药品与革命的关系,其次才是药品与艺术,性的
关系。我上回到科斯达黎加,问当时百姓,一天能挣多少钱。一个上
好的导游跟我说,一美元。这就是他们的一般收入。
我活学活用,考虑问题不得不考虑经济。大棒政策,你知道的。上回
在巴拿马城了解到一次FBI入侵的军事政变,1989。当然,我去智利,
阿根廷都了解到类似的棒槌。巴西还好,最近准备厄瓜多尔,又见到
一幕类似当年伊朗的景象:
Ecuador's most recent period of democracy began in 1979, when President
Jaime Roldos Aguilera was elected. But he died in a mysterious airplane crash
, conspiracy theories point fingers at US constituents with interests in
Ecuadorian oil, in 1981, and his term of office was completed by his vice
president, Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea.
Lonely Planet, Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands, 2006
哥伦比亚划分出巴拿巴,西瓜皮事件,读过《百年孤独》的人不会没
有印象。。。他们说什么啦,我还是不好转述。都很愤怒!我还是转
一篇网上找来的文章吧:
====
美把委加入支恐黑名单 厄瓜多尔总统要布什闭嘴
来源:中青在线-青年参考 日期:2008-3-22 14:54:41
“就让他们去列那名单吧,然后放在口袋里。我们不应该忘记的是,此时此刻,我们正在与美帝国主义做斗争。在这片大陆上,他们把我们当作头号敌人。”查韦斯在电视讲话中激动地怒吼。
据美联社3月14日发自加拉加斯的消息,委内瑞拉总统查韦斯当天在电视讲话中,回应了美国关于将委内瑞拉列入支持恐怖主义国家名单的报道。查韦斯表示,“美国想这么做,是出于政治原因想削弱我。”
此前美国合众国际社报道称,一位美国政府官员透露,白宫正在寻找证据,将委内瑞拉放入美国列出的支持恐怖主义国家的黑名单上。《迈阿密先驱报》报道称,进行这次证据调查,是因为委内瑞拉总统查韦斯所受到的指控——他与哥伦比亚革命武装力量之间的关系,比原先想象的要复杂得多,交情要深得多。
哥伦比亚政府军3月1日开展的空袭行动,缴获了哥革命武装力量领袖劳尔·雷耶斯的4台电脑。随即,开始了司法审查程序。在4台电脑的记录里,似乎暗示委内瑞拉政府曾资助革命武装力量3亿美元。对此,美国和哥伦比亚官方人士称委政府和武装力量为“毒品·恐怖”集团。但查韦斯认为,游击队的活动并不违法。
一位不愿透露姓名的美国官员表示,他不确定如果调查得到足够证据,是否会导致制裁。他说,文件是否真实,必须有足以让人信服的证据。“如果电脑里的文件被证明属实,那么,我想就需要问一个问题,委内瑞拉对于查韦斯与武装游击队的关系怎么看?是否……已经超越对国家意义上的赞助?”该官员表示。
而美国国务卿赖斯也表示,所有国家包括委内瑞拉,都有责任与恐怖主义做斗争,并将他们驱逐出境。这番话基本上是对查韦斯的一个警告,因为美国官员已经怀疑他对哥伦比亚叛军提供资助。最近几天,赖斯和总统布什都用极为尖刻的话批评查韦斯,而对哥伦比亚和其他拉美联盟则大加赞赏。
美国对委内瑞拉的威胁和指责,招来了厄瓜多尔的不满。厄瓜多尔领导人科雷亚表示,布什大力支持哥伦比亚进行突击行动,他对此感到非常气愤。
“有种的就跟哥伦比亚一起派军队到厄瓜多尔边境上来吧!布什先生,把你的士兵都带来吧!”科雷亚在讲话中说,“让你的士兵沿着我们跟哥伦比亚的南部边境死去吧。我们会看到,美国人能否承受这巨大的损失。要是不来,布什你就闭上嘴,想想拉美到底都发生了什么。”
- posted on 06/19/2009
异曲同工,中国政府现在借用什么绿坝来阻拦国内人士上海外网,用的也是青少年借口,防止青少年被色情污染。
中国暂停谷歌境外网页搜索业务 传播淫秽信息被处罚 新华网
新华网 北京6月19日电 记者从全国整治互联网低俗之风办公室获悉,国家有关部门18日下午召见“谷歌中国”网站(google.cn)负责人,对“谷歌中国”网站大量传播淫秽色情内容进行执法谈话,宣布对“谷歌中国”网站的处罚措施,暂停该网站境外网页搜索业务和联想词搜索业务,并责令其立即进行整改,彻底清理淫秽色情和低俗内容。
互联网违法和不良信息举报中心近日根据公众举报并经核查,“谷歌中国”网站大量传播淫秽色情和低俗信息,严重违反了《全国人大常委会关于维护互联网安全的决定》和国务院《互联网信息服务管理办法》等法律法规,以及《互联网站禁止传播淫秽色情等不良信息自律规范》等行业自律规范。
这些招法真的很妙,花季少年,多少罪恶假汝之名!
我就在想了,就是全世界的一岁小孩子都看色情网站,这世界就末日了?
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视频说明:记者试探性使用谷歌中国搜索成人图片、视频时发现,该网站不仅能显示很多淫秽色情内容,而且还会引导人们进一步搜索。
《焦点访谈》曝光谷歌传播色情信息
此前“谷歌中国”联想词搜索业务截屏
国家有关部门在执法谈话中严肃指出“谷歌中国”网站存在的问题,要求“谷歌中国”网站认真遵守国家的法律法规,切实履行社会责任,采取切实有效的技术和管理措施,严格按照我国法律法规的要求做好淫秽色情内容过滤工作,防止境外互联网上的淫秽色情信息通过该网站传播到我境内。有关部门将根据“谷歌中国”网站的整改情况,决定下一步的处理措施。
“谷歌中国”网站负责人承认该网站大量传播淫秽色情和低俗信息,严重违反了国家有关法律法规,严重侵害了青少年身心健康,并就此事向公众道歉。该网站负责人表示,将严格按照政府执法部门的要求进行整改,及时将整改情况报告有关部门。
- Re: [千字八股文] drug, 反毒品还是镇压异己?Is this a war against drug or against individualism?posted on 06/26/2009
知道在中国很容易就开到的处方药“安定”是什么吗?就是Valium.
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