“乍看起来,西班牙花园里那强壮的少年,一边晃动肩膀抖去满身积雪,一边走回营
帐的那个雄心勃勃的军官已经消失了,就象现在的我一旦被投进火堆便化成灰烬一
样。但是那少年,那军官,他们并没有消失,我和他们是无法分割的。尽管我已经
进入人情更浓厚或者说更淡薄的宁静状态,那曾经在死人的胸口嚎叫的人仍旧在我
身上的某一处呻吟;死亡叫长年累月步不出户的病人体内关闭的旅行者高兴,因为
死亡对他便是出发。我曾有一股元气,今天这元气好象还能够让我活上几辈子,肩
负几次天下的重担。我已是风烛残年,倘若天假以年,再活几百岁,我也决不更改
前衷,甚至连错误也不改,我要攀登的还是过去的奥林匹斯山,我要踏入的还是过
去的阴曹地府。这样一想,死亡之必要确是有根有据,然而,倘说它充分有效,我
又将信将疑了。”
尤瑟纳尔这段阿德里安(哈德良)的杜撰体书信Memoirs of Hadrian,是模仿古罗
马能君哈德良皇帝临前写给择子,继承人,马可斯*奥列留(着有“沉思录”,皇帝,
斯多葛哲学家)的自传体。当然里面少不了涉及古罗马二世纪全面的历史,此节也
道出他的出身地--西班牙。
去过罗马的人不会不知道这个皇帝,他留下的建筑多多,不说英岛拦腰的哈德良墙,
希腊、小亚细亚、埃及等地,就是罗马城郊的名花园Tovoli,罗马城中的万神殿,
天使堡的原物就是他的墓地。而他的诞生,倒还是西班牙,就在赛维亚附近。那里
有布匿战争的古战场,已残存无迹,他的诞生地,倒还是一片罗马古迹。
以前一直以为亚德里亚海源于他的名,读尤瑟纳尔才知道他先祖浪迹,源以此海名。
尤瑟纳尔是名人,行步不少,应该于这一分说法有充足的考据。“我想到凯尔特人、
伊比利亚、布匿人的血一定渗进了意大利卡市罗马隶农的血管;我记起父亲的绰号
叫‘非洲人’”。
意大利卡(Italica)。第二次布匿战争中,西比与汉尼拔在西班牙争战,Battle of
llipa(Alcalá del Rio),古战场伤兵营,随后发展成城市,随后出了两位罗马皇帝,
图拉真,哈德良,他们可不是血亲。兵营,伤兵营,老兵营,古罗马有许多,小亚
细亚,最有名的是罗马尼亚,至今语言还是最近拉丁。又有说Cataluña更拉丁,
兵营?难怪那里总要闹独立。依上摘引,古罗马驻兵也混血得可以,不只是远征
西班牙的穆斯林。
我一直好谈混血,只是生性一点平民眼光。比如古埃及的兄妹婚,就产生很弱的后
代,虽然王家血统纯粹。又说欧洲近现代的皇家联姻,也联出许多怪病来,血友病,
白化病,况且王家一系,平民的日子就不好过了,哪里有什么人权?要发展,都到
战场上充兵。我一直以为一战就是王室间通气要再来一次世界人口大清理。这个估
计通过不了严瑾的学者,一般以为是新崛起的德国一发不可收拾的结果。
但德国王室,奥王室,英、俄都沾带血亲啊!西班牙近代史,不是哈布斯堡就是波
旁王系,只除其间一点拿破仑兄弟。
古罗马皇帝的择子继承制,就是其中的大手笔。古罗马安敦尼王朝的三位贤帝(有说
五位,五贤帝时代):图拉真,哈德良,马克*奥里略都是择子承继。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E6%95%A6%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D
涅尔瓦(96——98年)
图拉真(98——117年)
哈德良(117——138年)
安东尼(138——161年)
马可·奥勒留(161——180年)
卢西乌斯·维拉(161——169年)
康茂德(175,180——192年)
....
血亲逆子康茂德一登基,天下就要大乱了!
to be continued...
- posted on 01/20/2010
咱无意说几句,倒跟马基雅维里所见略同,看来我也能思想,严瑾学者会不同意:)
The term Five Good Emperors was coined by the political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli in 1503:
From the study of this history we may also learn how a good government is to be established; for while all the emperors who succeeded to the throne by birth, except Titus, were bad, all were good who succeeded by adoption; as in the case of the five from Nerva to Marcus. But so soon as the empire fell once more to the heirs by birth, its ruin recommenced.[4]
Machiavelli argued that these adopted emperors, through good rule, earned the respect of those around them:
Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, and Marcus had no need of praetorian cohorts, or of countless legions to guard them, but were defended by their own good lives, the good-will of their subjects, and the attachment of the senate.[4]
吉本亦如是说:
The 18th-century historian Edward Gibbon, in his work The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, opined that their rule was a time when "the Roman Empire was governed by absolute power, under the guidance of wisdom and virtue".[5] Gibbon believed these benevolent dictators and their moderate policies were unusual and contrast with their more tyrannical and oppressive successors (their predecessors are not covered by Gibbon).
Gibbon went so far as to state:
If a man were called to fix the period in the history of the world during which the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous, he would, without hesitation, name that which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of Commodus. The vast extent of the Roman Empire was governed by absolute power, under the guidance of virtue and wisdom. The armies were restrained by the firm but gentle hand of four successive emperors, whose characters and authority commanded respect. The forms of the civil administration were carefully preserved by Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian and the Antonines, who delighted in the image of liberty, and were pleased with considering themselves as the accountable ministers of the laws. Such princes deserved the honour of restoring the republic had the Romans of their days been capable of enjoying a rational freedom.
学者有疑问:
Additionally, Machiavelli's theory that adoption, rather than birth, led to moderate rule is also questionable. A number of Roman Emperors that Machiavelli did not feel were good rulers were adopted including Tiberius, Caligula and Nero, though these were all adopted in their capacity as close relatives to the ruler.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervan-Antonian_dynasty
Lucius Verus, who reigned 161-169 as co-Emperor of Marcus Aurelius, does not appear in timeline.
===
4.^ a b Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy, Book I, Chapter 10.
5.^ Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, I.78. - posted on 01/20/2010
意大利卡古迹的规模,当然不能跟庞贝比,但也能领略一回古罗马,在西班牙,除了
仅存的一些Aquaduct,Necropolis(墓地),就数Italica完整了。在赛维亚的第三天,
我便驱车去访古,不远,就在赛维亚北六里,现在Santiponce。又要提Guadalquivir
河,这名称源于阿拉伯语Wadi al-Kabir(大河) ,穆斯林那一线已提及。古罗马人称
呼Betis,安达卢西亚这一带就称作Baetica。
现存的古迹是哈德良筑造的,当然,存心挖掘也许能在Santiponce城下挖出更古些
的遗址,象尤瑟纳尔叙述的:
At home, in our Spanish township of Italica, he(his father -xw) exhausted
himself in the settlement of local disputes. Without ambitions and without
joy, like many a man who from year to year thus effaces himself more and
more, he had come to put a fanatic application into minor matters to which
he limited himself...
I was twelve when this overburdened man left us. My mother settled down,
for the rest of her life, to an austere widowhood; I never saw her again
from the day that I set out for rome, summoned hither by my guardian. My
memory of her face, elongated like those of most of our Spanish women and
touched with melancholy sweetness, is confirmed by her image in wax on
the Wall ancestors. She had the sainty feet of the women of Gades, in their
close-fitting sandals; the gentle swaying of the hips which marks the dancers
of that region was also visible in this virtuous young matron.
都只能是些人情事故了。把出去的儿子,作了皇帝父母是否就高兴?不过他给家乡筑
了一个新城,也许就是他的豪宅,那里有他的领父图拉真的庙(古罗马宗教纷杂,但
皇帝当作神崇拜,尤其是死后封神,这很常见,除了基督教兴盛后,最多封圣)。图
拉真庙所剩无几,倒是有一尊大理石像,已搬到赛维亚博物馆去了:
Trajan, Italica, Seville Archaeological Museum
罗马的“图拉真柱”很有名!
“我最喜欢的是那轻盈的舞蹈,回想起幼时初次看到的几场演出。我爱听这清脆的声
音,爱看这摆动的手壁,霓裳羽衣翻腾旋转,舞蹈的姑娘不见了,她忽而化为浮云,
忽而化为飞鸟,忽而变成海浪,忽而桅帆。”
Italica的Amphitheatre规模巨大,虽然保存得没有大竞技场好,规模还在,Gallery
,上层间,看台已破损。据说能容纳两万五千观众,比全城人还多。另外还有一座
保留得不错的剧场。
冬日很好的阳光,比如春天,看台后面有特色的丝柏、罗马松树。在古墟中,我最惊
异于一幅摩赛克,其中有三十多种鸟类:
Mosaic of the Birds, Italica
to be continued... - posted on 01/20/2010
本来还想写到一线龙达岩洞中的古人类,壁画,克罗马龙人吧。看来谈谈古罗马都
显得出格,也罢!
小城Santiponce很现代味,古迹给我的感觉更好,两者结合,极端完美。仿佛到
了西班牙以外的另一个世界-意大利?我怎么总感觉西班牙身上有个东西,绝不意
大利。而古罗马风的纯粹几何形,方阵,对称--意大利卡。我确实觉得是到了意
大利,西班牙的意大利。记得一路上从西班牙小城Lineas到Gilbratar,从西班牙到
了英国,那里出入关,比深圳与香港那几个关卡随意多,以前是中英,等级分明。
现在,虽然是一国两制了也一样森严壁垒,当然只针对老百姓。
欧元一块半,门票,小册子,入内。葱郁的石径,舒适、干净,天公也一样作美。
在这样的日子,我只想在古迹中长长驻足,这么一大片的时空,都存留在这一片废
墟上,想想残砖石缝隙,也有古工匠汗水,心血与生存。迎面一座维娜斯大理石像
的拷贝,相当柔美:
Venus of Italica.(Museo Arqueológico, Seville)
古希腊罗马的大理石像中,有相当量的维那斯(阿芙罗狄忒),不同时代的特色,
不同风格,审美。其实我注重的更是女性美,柔美的身躯,性感媚惑。又说这是罗
马的特色,这塑像确实是二世纪罗马的。而罗马的多少大理石像据说还是希腊的拷
贝。我在罗马城也留意到几尊极柔美的维那斯,让人折腰心醉的那种。我也说不好,
反正相比这一尊戴安娜,就诱人得多,我指的是'男人'。
Diana of Italica.
记得在洛克菲勒宅子内看到过一尊六朝观音(敦煌),虽无首,也有维那斯一样的身
体魅力。莫怪我登徒子,西方的圣母像,有多少是用的画者,或雕刻者的情人为模,
或者更有过,教皇的情妇。曾有一段时间,罗马教皇情妇一大堆:)
这样写下去就草率了。我在竞技场来回上下,一层保留得很好的Gallery(过道),二
层的过道都被雨水冲坏了,只剩下露天,作游人的看台。我留意到雨水冲刷沟缘的
许多蜗牛壳。寻着古城墙,在仅剩地基的古城中看图对照实物,还有一片Mosaic,
也很清晰,是许多神的像。最右边的一尊是太阳神(Helio):
Mosaic of the Planetarium House
其实看古画,神话、圣经、中世纪圣画像,形象不是主张的,关健是象征。比如多人
组合的故事,单人的动物,神态,配物。戴安娜就牵猎狗,纳克西斯照水临镜,贝
壳上女人就是维纳斯诞生,双人的有许多组合,自杀的有Procris, Cephalus,肢体
变树达芙妮,后面就是Apollo,有冥王抢婚波赛芬,有朱庇特变身的许多荒举。说
到圣画,被石击的是司提反,狮子咬的但以理,提钥匙的彼得,他也倒上十字架,
割袍的圣马丁,荒野禁欲的圣安东尼,给鸟布道的圣方济各,等等,不再多举。
天热起来了,到大浴所的巨大残留边清静。浴池里积满雨水,看台架得很高,可以
纵观全局,远处的剧场,虽然隔住了不让去,小浴所,再就是高速公路,一片繁忙
景。
FIN
- posted on 01/20/2010
Audivi voces divinas...我听见神的声音。
Appendix:
再从维基找到一点关于两位皇帝的生平,后迹:
图拉真
图拉真(Trajan, Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus,53年9月18日-117年8月9日),
罗马帝国皇帝(98年-117年),罗马帝国五贤帝之一。
图拉真在公元53年出生于西班牙伊大利卡,是第一位意大利以外出生的罗马皇帝。
他在位时立下显赫的武功,使罗马帝国的版图在他的统治下达到了极盛。他曾经建
立图拉真柱记载自己的功绩。元老院曾赠给他「最优秀的第一公民」(Optimus princeps)
的称号。
图拉真时期的帝国疆域
对内政策
为了应付存在已久的各种内部矛盾,他采取了有效而温和的手段改善弊政。他尊重
元老院的地位,并扩大元老院的基础,东方各行省的贵族得以参加元老院。为改善
地方吏治,他以curatores为中央政府在地方的代表,控制地方财政,任命忠于职守
的亲信到行省担任总督。他重视低下阶层的生活,减轻人民的负担,并提供贷款援
助小农。为了阻止意大利的资金外流至行省,图拉真颁布《农地投资法》,规定元
老院议员必须将总资产的三分之一投资于意大利。此外,他沿袭涅尔瓦所创行的办
法,以皇帝的个人收入在各地设立贫儿补助金(Alimenta),用以养育贫苦无依的孤
儿。
对外
达基亚战争
图拉真打破奥古斯都确立的传统边界,放弃罗马帝国建立以来便一直沿用的守势方
针,重拾罗马共和时期的侵略倾向。公元101-102年和105-106年,图拉真曾两次攻
打多瑙河下流的达基亚人,推翻达基亚国王德克巴鲁斯的统治。战后达基亚成为罗
马的一个行省,大批罗马士兵和贫民被迁往重建后的达基亚行省。图拉真柱就是为
纪念图拉真在达基亚战争所取得的胜利而建。
安息战争
其后,图拉真将扩张的方向转往亚洲,与罗马帝国的东方劲敌--安息 (Parthia)交
战。自公元前一世纪中叶以来,安息曾与罗马交战多次,双方相持不下。安息曾在
公元前53年击败由克拉苏率领的罗马军队,安东尼亦曾在公元前36年越过幼发拉底
河进攻安息,但最终被迫退回幼发拉底河以西,并以此为界。公元105-106年,图拉
真命令驻守叙利亚的罗马军团占领巴勒斯坦与阿拉伯沙漠之间的大部分地区和西奈
半岛,建立阿拉伯行省。公元113年,图拉真拒绝承认安息所扶植的亚美尼亚国王,
并以此为藉口,亲率大军向安息大举进攻。罗马军团占领亚美尼亚后,随即南下进
攻两河流域,攻下安息的首都克特西封(Ctesiphon)。图拉真在公元116年宣布废
除安息国王欧斯罗埃斯一世(Osroes I)的王位,扶植Parthamaspates为罗马控制
的傀儡安息国王。三个行省在占领地上建立:亚美尼亚行省、亚述行省和美索不达
米亚行省。他的军事行动成功将罗马帝国的疆域扩至最大,东起两河流域,西达不
列颠的大部分地区,南至埃及、北非,北抵莱茵河和多瑙河以北的达基亚。
然而,图拉真在亚洲西南部所取得的这些胜利只是昙花一现。公元115年,希腊-犹
太裔之间的冲突在犹太行省演变为严重的犹太人骚乱,并逐渐蔓延到了有庞大犹太
社群居住的埃及、昔兰尼加以及塞浦路斯。图拉真被迫从两河流域回师镇压骚乱,
并任命养子哈德良为安息战争的总指挥。但他在途中染疾,最后在公元117年8月病
逝于小亚细亚南部的塞利努斯(Selinus)。图拉真死后,他在两河流域所取得的胜
利很快被哈德良放弃,罗马帝国再次退回图拉真开战前的边界。
- posted on 01/20/2010
哈德良
哈德良(Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus,76年1月24日- 138年7月10日),外
号勇帝,罗马帝国五贤帝之一,117年 - 138年在位。
Bust of Emperor Hadrian, Italica
(Seville Archaeological Museum)
哈德良生于西班牙一个富裕的移民家庭。他是前任君主图拉真的远房姻亲。事实上,
图拉真从未正式指定继任人,但据皇后所说,他在临咽气之前将帝位传给哈德良。
由于皇后对哈德良怀有好感,哈德良的继任很大可能出于她的安排。他在117年即位。
121年至125年,哈德良致力开拓帝国北面疆界,至到现在中欧罗马尼亚、匈牙利附
近。122年,哈德良开始在英格兰北面的边界修筑哈德良长城。128年至132年期间,
哈德良继续向东扩张,直至美索不达米亚平原。
哈德良和一位希腊青年安提诺乌斯的同性恋情,是早期同性恋史中的一段罗曼史。
著名工事:
Castel Sant'Angelo, the ancient Hadrian Mausoleum.
Hadrian's Wall (Vallum Hadriani), a fortification in Northern England (viewed from Vercovicium)
Hadrian's Gate, in Antalya, southern Turkey was built to honour Hadrian who visited the city in 130 CE.
Temple of Zeus in Athens.
The Pantheon was rebuilt by Hadrian.
Tivoli
诗。据说,哈德良皇帝临终前作了这首诗:
Animula, vagula, blandula
Hospes comesque corporis
Quae nunc abibis in loca
Pallidula, rigida, nudula,
Nec, ut soles, dabis iocos...
P. Aelius Hadrianus Imp.
Roving amiable little soul,
Body's companion and guest,
Now descending for parts
Colourless, unbending, and bare
Your usual distractions no more shall be there...
- posted on 01/21/2010
昨晚看了好莱坞大片The Fall of the Roman Empire倒是对吉本这观点的补注。
可惜大片太长188m,看到后来就没劲了。还是Marcus Aurelius形象好一些,最好的
是那一段对白,都取自“沉思录”,尤瑟纳尔那书来掘取良多。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire_(film) 后来的估计就是Gladiator了。只是Marcus情节太简。
录像是自立转送的他舅舅的旧录像,带回来一年多了,正是时候,看了一半。
足矣!再补充一下。
xw wrote:
咱无意说几句,倒跟马基雅维里所见略同,看来我也能思想,严瑾学者会不同意:)
The term Five Good Emperors was coined by the political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli in 1503:
From the study of this history we may also learn how a good government is to be established; for while all the emperors who succeeded to the throne by birth, except Titus, were bad, all were good who succeeded by adoption; as in the case of the five from Nerva to Marcus. But so soon as the empire fell once more to the heirs by birth, its ruin recommenced.[4]
Machiavelli argued that these adopted emperors, through good rule, earned the respect of those around them:
Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, and Marcus had no need of praetorian cohorts, or of countless legions to guard them, but were defended by their own good lives, the good-will of their subjects, and the attachment of the senate.[4]
吉本亦如是说:
The 18th-century historian Edward Gibbon, in his work The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, opined that their rule was a time when "the Roman Empire was governed by absolute power, under the guidance of wisdom and virtue".[5] Gibbon believed these benevolent dictators and their moderate policies were unusual and contrast with their more tyrannical and oppressive successors (their predecessors are not covered by Gibbon).
Gibbon went so far as to state:
If a man were called to fix the period in the history of the world during which the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous, he would, without hesitation, name that which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of Commodus. The vast extent of the Roman Empire was governed by absolute power, under the guidance of virtue and wisdom. The armies were restrained by the firm but gentle hand of four successive emperors, whose characters and authority commanded respect. The forms of the civil administration were carefully preserved by Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian and the Antonines, who delighted in the image of liberty, and were pleased with considering themselves as the accountable ministers of the laws. Such princes deserved the honour of restoring the republic had the Romans of their days been capable of enjoying a rational freedom.
学者有疑问:
Additionally, Machiavelli's theory that adoption, rather than birth, led to moderate rule is also questionable. A number of Roman Emperors that Machiavelli did not feel were good rulers were adopted including Tiberius, Caligula and Nero, though these were all adopted in their capacity as close relatives to the ruler.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervan-Antonian_dynasty
Lucius Verus, who reigned 161-169 as co-Emperor of Marcus Aurelius, does not appear in timeline.
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4.^ a b Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy, Book I, Chapter 10.
5.^ Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, I.78.
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