上回写阿兹特克,发现不理清数字与历法,行文无法进行。原来古文明那么重视数
字与历法,甚至注了那么多名,还附生肖,比古中国还要厚道。中美洲离太阳近,
血腥是一回事,崇拜太阳,对星星观察得细。发达的农业社会,天文应该比较发展。
但记事,还是象现今汉语一样,麻烦得很。
也是老八提了这码事,又近二零一二,风闻的事不少,有人很当真。既然是古老的
东西,化一些时间整理一下,看风闻的有多少是实际,多少是附会。
玛雅历法使用几种互不相同的年月计算法,其中最主要的是:
一、tzolkin,“佐尔金”,亦即祭祀历或卜卦历,日期是由一个数字(从1到13)和
一个日子的名称(例如“艾勃日”[eb],共有20个)组合而成。到了260天(13X20),
那时同一个数字与同一个日名再度遇在一起,是为一个周期的结末。
二、haab,“亚勃”,又称短年历,原因是它比太阳年少四分之一日。一亚勃有365
天,分成18个月,每月20天。外加一个只有5 天的“闰月”,放在年尾。
三、“大周期”,共有5200年(tun),包含玛雅人的全部历史。周期的起点相当于公
元前3114年8月13日。在这个大周期中有巴克年(baktun,合400年)、卡年(katun
,合20年)、年(合360天,不是365天)、月(uinal,合20天)和日(kin),从零年开
始计算。
以玛雅人采对的计算方式中,大周期的日期可以举例说明如下:
9.13.17.15.12.5 eb 15 mac,也就是9个巴克年、13个卡年、17个年、15个月
、12个日。5“eb”是祭祀历的日期,15“mac”是短年历的日期。
以上选自马振骋译的发现丛书“马雅古城”,Claude Baudez, 1987
关于日期具体古物,有著名的Leyden石牌,曾经是国王玉佩,石牌背面有Leyden
石牌的年月:
8.14.3.1.12.1 eb 0 yaxkin,也就是公元320年9月17日。最下面五个图谱表示
活动和国王。第一个图谱是全组的“序图”,只表示大周期中一个日子的来临。主要
符号是一面鼓,念作“屯”(tun,即上文所说的年)。喜上面是太阳神头像。因为登
基日正值yaxkin月,而太阳神正是这个月的守护神。
玛雅人使用二十进制,用一点表示一,二点为二,三点为三,四点为四。五便加上
一横,六以此类推,十是两横,十五三横,十六三横一点,十七三横两点。直至二
十,不是四横,是一进位。玛雅人有零,形象也象个阿拉伯的数字零,又有点象眼
睛:
从一到二十,如法炮制:
有点我们小时候学的算盘子珠算。
- Re: 整理一下玛雅历法与数字posted on 01/19/2011
有意思!
“公历2010年12月21日”这一天的玛雅历是否记为1.13.13.0.0.0.0? - posted on 01/21/2011
关于这二零一二年的计算,我一直算不明白。原则上:13.0.0.0.0一个大周期,13个
baktuns,共计:13x144,000/365.242=5,125.3689334742444735271
5125-3114=2011, 这样,又有人把原点推到3113BC..而阿姗引的贴子说3116 BC。
20 kins = 1 uinal, or 20 days
18 uinals = 1 tun, or 360 days
20 tuns =1 katun, or 7200 days
20 katuns = 1 baktun, or 144,000 days
20 baktuns =1 pictun, or 2,880,000 days
都是初等数学的问题,看来还是维基的年数5,125可信!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_phenomenon
我一日用365.242,是源于此网页,不知所说可信否:
Duration of year according to:
modern Astronomy: 365.2422 days.
Ancient Roman (Julian), not corrected year: 365.2500
Gregorian corrected year used today: 365.2425
Ancient Maya long count calendar: 365.2420
http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/1122-the-maya-civilization-maya-numerals-and-calendar
但维基提到的原点还是11 or 13 August 3114 BC,纪元前后缺零年,补一年估且算
2012年,0.3689334742444735271x365.242=134.75.
从八月十三日算起,九月十三日,31天,十月十三日,30,十一月十三日,31天,十
二月十三日,30天,122天,再加12天,二十五日,还有.75天没算。如果把初始日设
为八月十一日,也是十二月二十三日。二十一日我还是得不出来。
The Long Count's "zero date" was set at a point in the past marking the end
of the third world and the beginning of the current one, which corresponds to
either 11 or 13 August 3114 BC in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar, depending
on the formula used.[14][a] This means that the fourth world will also have
reached the end of its thirteenth b'ak'tun, or Mayan date 13.0.0.0.0, on either
December 21 or December 23, 2012.[1][a]
再细计算一下上面玉牌中的长年历: 8.14.3.1.12
8 baktuns x 144,000 days = 1,152,000
14 katuns x 7,200 = 100,800
3 tuns x 360 = 1,080
1 uinal x 20 = 20
12 kins x 1 = 12
回在一起是1,253,912。1,253,912/365.242=3433.0991507000
3433-3114=319,再调零年,320年,365.242x0.0991507000=36.2139999694
九月十三日,31天,九月十八日,36天。
公元三二零年九月十八日。那零点从何而来,应该有彗星或火山地震日期相对吧。
维基引用文献:
14a.^ Michael Finley (2003). "The Correlation Question". The Real Maya Prophecies: Astronomy in the Inscriptions and Codices. Maya Astronomy. Archived from the original on December 7, 2006.
- RE: 整理一下玛雅历法与数字posted on 01/21/2011
xw 实在了不得,钻得这样深入。这是咖啡的宝贵资源。珍惜。 - posted on 02/02/2011
昨天看了一部谈玛雅文字解码的记录片,顶不错的,管子上也有:
看来,突破性的成就还是来自两位俄国裔,Yuri Knorozov, Tatiana
Proskouriakoff...
前者巧合是二战末杀入柏林,在柏林图书馆巧遇Dresden Codex,并以为是自己使
命。这种带数学性的工作,俄国人绝对出类拔萃,虽然,他从未到中美。以后来了,
还是被右翼政府赶走,说是马列主义。后者,当然受前者启示,一位美籍俄裔。
这解玛雅字码的工作是现存不多的比较公平的学术领域,以前还指望有中国人能做:)
Maya was usually written in blocks arranged in columns two blocks wide,
read as follows:
Maya inscriptions were most often written in columns two glyphs wide,
with each such column read left to right, top to bottom
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_script
最近在读Stephens的尤卡坦游记,这一录像也还不错,但有些民粹:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqQslZH7ADg
- posted on 02/03/2011
今天始读A Forest of Kings,读了一百页,欣慰得是自己能读进去了。
这前面还是化了不少筹备的功夫,昨天还画了一天的Mayan Glyphs,与孩子一起画。
关于现今玛雅语的拉丁拼写,读法总让我找不着脑子。照理说,是Landa搞的,应读
西班牙语音才是,但Landa是传教士,掺入教堂拉丁拼读也不是不会。这本书的前言
Linda Shele倒是作了个小小的整理。我也象上回冰岛语读音一样留图作记录,都是
工具啦。
方便别人,也放便自己:)
How to Pronounce Maya Words
(Many of the words in this book will look strange to English-speaking readers
because of the way Mayan words are written. Soon after the conquest, the
Spanish began to convert Mayan languages from their own written forms into
Roman alphabet. To do so, they used the spelling convertions of the sixteenth
century. Since the characters of the alphabet are pronounced differently in
Spanish from the way they are in English, and since the Spanish system of
pronunciation itself has changed over the intervening centuries, the convention
used for Maya place names and their hieroglyphic writing should be explained.
The alphabet we use here, with a few moderations, is identical to that of the
colonial Yucatec source.)
我在尤卡坦植物园想买一本植物书,野花树木的都找不好,西语也没有。只好买了
本西语关于植物园的书。这里有当地人拿一本玛雅当地药植物带图的书册给我,说
是免费的。书正是我所求的,可惜玛雅大名实在难念,好在有植物拉丁。
现在有此规则,便好念了。顺便说一下,古玛雅有两种语,一种尤卡坦的,一种南
方通用的,现在当然分歧更大了。前面说2012Doom日,书中原点与计算结果与我
一样的,8/11,3114bc,12/23,2012(13.0.0.0.0)。又是一欣喜!再补充几个
字,里面提到规则,忘了提西语如果是g在i,e前要发'h'音。
- posted on 02/04/2011
今年是中国阴历兔年,兔是一种世界上最广泛分布的动物。前回提阿兹特克历,提
到过所谓“一兔年”(1 Tochtli),南方年:
“天崩”无疑是指把水太阳冲垮的洪水,发生在一兔(1 Tochtli)年,南方年。魁扎
尔科亚特尔和特兹卡特里波卡雨神,想把天擎起;任务完成后,特兹卡特里波卡改
名换姓,成了米克斯科亚特尔(Mixcoatl),北方神,那是二芦苇(2 Acatl)年。在
卜卦历中,二芦苇日是献给特兹卡特里波卡的。第八年,创造了普通人。未来的太
阳需要人作为牺牲,用他们的血祭祀太阳。
第二个13年从一芦苇年开始,属东方。......
这回读玛雅历史,读到"十八兔",是Copán的,我想整理一下,乘着兔年新:
Detail of Stela H, Copán, depicting King Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub'aah_K'awiil
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil (also known by the appellation "18-Rabbit"
or "Eighteen Rabbit"), was a ruler of the powerful Maya civilization
polity associated with the site of Copán (Classic Maya name: Xukpi).
He ruled from January 2nd, 695, to May 3rd, 738, initiated construction
of the famous "Hieroglyphic Stairway," as well as Temple 22 ("The
Mountain of Sustenance") Little is known of Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
himself but on May 3rd, 738, Xukpi, a regional power at the time,
suffered a catastrophic defeat at the hands of the polity located at
Quiriguá, when Uaxaclajuun was beheaded at the behest of Quiriguá's
ruler, K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat (Cauac Sky). Following this defeat
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil was replaced by a new ruler, named K'ak'
Joplaj Chan K'awiil ("Smoke Monkey").
“十八兔”自然有名,以后有名牌商标,还有摇滚乐队。我书中说:
715, 9.14.3.6.8, 18-Rabbit of Copán dedicates Temple 22 to celebrate
his first katun as king.
738, 9.15.6.14.6, 18-Rabbit of Copán taken captive and sacrificed by
Cauac-Sky of Quiriguá.
玛雅大事记。读到专节再细论此兔,他的塑像很有名!
另外玛雅史上有一位女王也有名,有人说是她造成玛雅战国时代,以至于文明没落:
IX-6 CHAN-?-AJAW, "Lady Six Sky-? Queen". Drawing, transcription and
translation after Martin and Grube (2000).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
De facto ruler of Naranjo; also known as Lady Wac Chanil Ahau, Lady of
Dos Pilas and Lady of Tikal. Reigned AD 682-741.
Died: 9.15.9.11.5/6, 11 Chikchan/12 Kimi 8/9 Pop (February 10 or 11, 741).
Father: B'alaj Chan K'awiil of Dos Pilas. Mother: Lady B'ulu'. Son: K'ahk' Tiliw
Chan Chaak.
Monuments: Stelae 3, 18, 24, 29 and 31.
The last recorded act of Lady Six Sky's father was to witness an accession at
Calakmul, and in an inscription he explicitly names the Kan ruler as his overlord
(Martin and Grube 2000:56-57). That his daughter came to Naranjo under the
auspices of Calakmul to establish a favorably disposed royal lineage is clear (ibid.:74).
Aj Wosal Chan K'inich, the thirty-fifty ruler of Naranjo had pledged his fealty to
the Kan king (at a time when that kingdom was probably not yet centered in
Calakmul), but his two immediate successors had fought with Kan and its client
Caracol, and ultimately they must have paid the price for this defection (Martin
and Grube 2000:71-73, in press). The reasonable inference is that their line was
extinguished, and the "Lady of Dos Pilas" was brought in to start a new one (or
to enhance the predigree of a secondary lineage at Naranjo) (Martin and Grube
2000:74-75).
An inscription records her "arrival" at Naranjo on August 27, 682, and her
performance of rituals three days later (ibid.:74). The term "arrival" can have an
overtone of dynastic foundation or refoundation: At Tikal, the "arrival" of Siyaj
K'ahk' from Teotihuacan coincided exactly with the death of Tikal's king and led
to the installation of a new royal lineage (Martin and Grube 2000:29, 74, in press).
Lady Six Sky and K'ahk' Tiliw Chan Chaak, the next full-fledged king of Naranjo,
grouped their monuments with those of Aj Wosal Chan K'inich, who had professed
his loyalty to Calakmul (Martin and Grube 2000:75, in press). K'ahk' Tiliw Chan
Chaak explicitly declares himself to be "the lord of Yich'aak K'ahk', Divine Lord of
Calakmul", while Lady Six Sky takes pains to compare her ceremonials to those
of the Calakmul vassal Aj Wosal Chan K'inich (Martin and Grube 2000:75, in press).
Lady Six Sky is never said to have acceded at Naranjo; instead of its emblem
glyph she carries that of Dos Pilas (Martin and Grube 2000:74). Naranjo's count
of rulers in the line of the founder does not accord her a number in the sequence;
but she was a queen for all intents and purposes (ibid.:74-75). Monuments carry
her image and record her performance of calendrical celebrations in the manner
of royalty; she is even shown trampling captives in the guise of a warrior queen
(ibid.:74).
It is never stated that she was the mother of her successor, K'ahk' Tiliw Chan
Chaak, who was born five years after her arrival, but scholars have assumed this
to be the case (in inscriptions, she likens herself to the mother of Naranjo ruler
Aj Wosal Chan K'inich) (Martin and Grube 2000:75, in press). She must have
served as queen regnant during the infancy of K'ahk' Tiliw Chan Chaak, and since
he acceded at age five, she was at least effectively co-ruler for many years
thereafter (Martin and Grube 2000:75-76, in press). Thus the remarkable string
of military victories nominally attributed to the child king were actually the
achievements of Lady Six Sky; one of her depictions as an Amazon bestriding a
vanquished foe dates to AD 702, when K'ahk' Tiliw Chan Chaak had already been
king for five years (Martin and Grube 2000:76, in press). This warfare may have
been less a matter of military expansionism than a reaction to neighboring polities
testing the strength of a female ruler (Martin and Grube 2000:76).
Lady Six Sky's death, probably in 741, is recorded in her native polity of Dos Pilas
(ibid.:62, 77).
The foregoing is based on Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens by Simon Martin
and Nikolai Grube (2000:56-57, 72-77, in press). Their sources include Linda Schele
and David Freidel (1990:185) for the dedication of a pyramid following the "arrival" in
Naranjo; Michael P. Closs (1985) for Lady Six Sky as queen regnant and co-ruler;
Closs (1985) and Tatiana Proskouriakoff (1993) for Lady Six Sky as mother of K'ahk'
Tiliw Chan Chaak; Closs (1985) for the comparison to Aj Wosal Chan K'inich's mother;
and Stephen Houston (1993:fig. 4-9) for the Dos Pilas monument recording Lady Six
Sky's death.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Since it is certain only that K'ahk' Tiliw Chan Chaak died at some point after 728
(Martin and Grube 2000:77), his mother may have outlived him, quite possibly by a
substantial number of years. And the accession of his successor, Yax Mayuy Chan
Chaak, may have been postponed until the death of this formidable queen (ibid.:78).
http://www.mesoweb.com/encyc/
这里还有她的一点录像:
有些色?但这一部纪录片正是褒姒灭西周的(外国人也怪女人嘛:):
Who killed Maya? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSw-TES7dgs
1, 2, 3, 4, 5.....哈哈!
- RE: RE: 整理一下玛雅历法与数字posted on 02/06/2011
回复 #6 xwRobert Carmack 是玛雅文化学的专家,可以找他的一点书来看。
- Re: RE: RE: 整理一下玛雅历法与数字posted on 02/06/2011
据我所知,禾子是唯一懂玛雅文的中国人,研究美术和玛雅文化的专家。 - posted on 02/07/2011
谢谢两位反馈,我现在是一本书都读不精。就把A forest of Kings当圣经。
书中附的Tzolkin(祭祀或卜卦历)的日子,每个日子都有个Glyph,况且还有动物名
型对应。Tatiana跟弟子们说,你们要仔细观察了动物以后,才能找出对应:
留意到每个字符底下都有三条小腿:)
1 Imix: crocodile
2 Ik: wind
3 Akbal: house/dark
4 Kan: lizard
5 Chicchan: snake
6 Cimi: death
7 Manik: deer
8 Lamat: rabbit/star
9 Muluc: water/moon
10 Oc: dog
11 Chuen: monkey
12 Eb: grass/road
13 Ben: reed
14 Ix: jaguar
15 Men: eagle
16 Cib: vulture
17 Caban: quake/incense
18 Etznab: knife/flint
19 Cauac: rain/storm)
20 Ahau: flower/lord
http://www.obsidianbutterfly.com/articles/introtzolkin.html
与阿兹特克历石上名称与动物对应是相符的,短鼻鳄鱼、风、房屋、鬣蜥蜴、蛇、骷髅
獐鹿、兔子、水
狗、猴子、草药
芦苇、美洲虎、鹰
鹫、地震、燧石
雨、花、、、、、、、、但愿不是附会。
短年历Haab的月都有字符:
长年历(long count)的起始都是这个字符:
古玛雅的两种文字是:Yucatecan, Cholan: Millions of Maya today speak languages
that descend from the two languages we know were written in the ancient
texts - Yucatecan, which was spoken by people living in the norhtern third
and on the eastern edge of the peninsula, and Cholan, which was spoken
along the base of southern lowlands from Palenque in the west to Copán in
the east. The area between these two regions was probably occupied by
both groups, with Yucatecans concentrated toward the east and Cholans
to the west. AoK, P.50.
- posted on 03/04/2011
Forest of Kings读到后来就不知所云了。但Blood of Kings倒是一本好书,这书里提
到一些内容,值得温习一下:
说到放血,这倒是古玛雅常见的仪式,尤其是国王公贵,都竞争着放血献祭!
The creation story of the Popol Vuh provides a context for the rite of bloodletting. At
the beginning of all things, when the creator gods finished their work, they wanted to
be recognized by their living creations. The birds and beasts of the fields answered
them with only a meaningless cacophony of sound, and for that they were forever
destined to be the food of man and of one another. The gods tried several times to
create special creatures who would know them, but nothing worked. Finally, using
maize for flesh and water for blood, they created human beings who could recognize
them and understand their relationship to the creator gods. The gods' prolonged
efforts are central to the understanding of bloodletting: they wanted creatures
to "name [their] names, to praise them" and to be their providers and nurturers. The
gods wanted creatures who could worship them, but - more important - they also
needed men to give them sustenance.
Permeating this creation myth as well as many parallel myths from other
Mesoamerican peoples is the concept of a reciprocal relationship between humans
and the gods. The earth and its creatures were created through a sacrificial act of
the gods, and human beings, in turn, were required to strengthen and nourish the
gods. Gods and humans cannot exist without each other. It is clear from Classic
Maya art and inscriptions, as well as from the Popol Vuh, that blood drawn from all
parts of the body - especially from the tongue, earlobes, and genitals - was
sustenance for the gods.
Yaxchilán lintel 24, Bloodletting
另外,也是鉴书里的双生子的故事,也是壁画雕塑中常见的题材:
Hun chuen and Hun Batz wee twin half brothers of Hunahpu and Xbalanque, the Hero
Twins. They were born to 1 Hunahpu and his wife in the Middleworld before he
vanished into the Underworld. Until the Underworld princess, Xquic, arrived in the
Middleworld and gave birth to the Hero Twins, they were the only children around and
the light of their grandmother's life. Like real human half brothers, Hun Chuen and Hun
Batz resented the birth of the Hero Twins. They tormented their younger brothers,
placing them on anthills when they were still babies. After they grew up, Hun Chuen
and Hun Batz took their food, forced them to do the hunting for the family, and
denied them entry into the house. Unlike their more rugged brothers, Hun Batz and
Hun Chuen preferred the courtly arts, and they dominated the interior world. There,
they did everything well: they painted, they carved, they played the flute. To the
Hero Twins, this interior world was forbidden. One day, when the Hero Twins returned
home without any wild game, the old grandmother angrily demanded to know why.
When the Twins explained that they needed the help of their older brothers, off the
four brothers went. Hunahpu and Xbalanque took their blowguns and began to shoot
their prey, but the birds did not fall. Each one became lodged in a tree, and the older
twins and to scale the tree to retrieve them. As they did so, the tree magically
began to grow, lifting Hun Chuen and Hun Batz high into the sky. Anxious at the
height at which they found themselves, they implored the younger brothers to help
them. "Undo your pants...with the long end trailing like a tail behind you, and then
you'll be tetter able to more," Hunahpu and Xbalanque advised. When the older twins
complied, they grew the tails of spider monkeys, and they began to behave just like
monkeys, making funny faces and scratching themselves.
Hunahpu and Xbalanque, the Hero Twins.
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