荷尔德林，Friedrich HAlderlin (1770～1843)
杨业治
德国诗人。
生平
生平 1770年 3月20日生于内卡河畔的劳芬。父亲是当地修道院总管，在他出生后的
第3年去世，1774年母亲改嫁。荷尔德林先后在登肯多尔夫、毛尔布龙修道院学校学
习。1788年进图宾根神学院，曾阅读柏拉图、索福克勒斯、莎士比亚等人的作品，
研究卢梭、斯宾诺莎、莱布尼茨、康德等人的哲学思想，与谢林、黑格尔结为朋友。
他最喜爱的作家是卢梭。1789年的法国大革命激发了他和同学们的热情，曾组织诗
社，写诗歌颂人权。
1793年于神学院毕业，他不愿当牧师，经席勒介绍，去瓦尔特斯豪森当家庭教师。
1794年去耶拿，曾多次访问席勒，并听费希特的课。次年回到尼尔廷根。
1796年初他到法兰克福银行家贡塔尔德家当教师。在此后两年多的时间内，与女主
人苏赛特?贡塔尔德之间发生了爱情。完成小说《许佩里翁，或希腊的隐士》，小说
和诗中的狄奥提马，就是女主人苏赛特。1798年，与贡塔尔德发生争吵，被迫离开
法兰克福，住在附近的洪堡，试图创办期刊《伊杜娜》(日耳曼神话中的青春女神)，
并创作悲剧《恩沛多克勒斯之死》。
1801年初荷尔德林去瑞士的豪普特维尔，第 3次做家庭教师，不久回到尼尔廷根。
在这期间创作了一些挽歌和赞歌。同年去法国的波尔多，又做家庭教师。1802年回
到斯图加特，精神失常。他翻译的索福克勒斯的作品于1804年出版。同年友人辛克
莱接他去洪堡从事图书馆工作。1806年进图宾根精神病院医治。后期住在木工齐默
尔的家里。诗人施瓦普、乌兰德和凯尔纳于1826年出版了他的诗集。1843年 6月 7日
逝世。
创作 《许佩里翁，或希腊的隐士》是荷尔德林的一部书信体小说(第1卷1797，第2卷
1799)。初稿片断曾在1794年登载于席勒主编的《新塔莉亚》上。小说有强烈的抒情
色彩。许佩里翁是一个希腊青年，生长在18世纪土耳其统治下的希腊，每当回忆起
古代雅典的光荣，他就为祖国被侵略的耻辱而忧伤。他渴望与大自然融合，但感到
对倏忽即逝的人们来说，不可能做到与一切生命之源的自然永久结合。他认识了狄
奥提马，恢复了信心，并参加1770年反对土耳其的解放战争。在战争中看到士兵的
抢劫烧杀行为。狄奥提马又不幸死去。他变得孤独、悲伤。在悼念她时，忽然听到
她的声音，使他重又得到宁静。狄奥提马(即苏赛特)体现了荷尔德林对美的理想。
小说第 2卷有著名的《许佩里翁的命运歌》和最后第 2封信中对德意志民族的批判。
荷尔德林未完成的悲剧《恩沛多克勒斯之死》有 3种残稿 (1796～1800)，写公元前
5世纪哲学家恩沛多克勒斯投身埃特纳火山口的传说。恩沛多克勒斯被驱逐出境，他
的弟子揭露了祭司们的罪恶。市民召他回来，要把王冠献给他。他拒不接受，要投
身火山口，以说明只有毁弃旧事物，才能使新事物诞生；只有通过革命，才能使民
族和人类重生。第2、第3稿残存无几，或虽有提纲，未曾写出。第 3稿的构思变动
很大，作者放弃了恩沛多克勒斯个人的悲剧罪责，指出他的自我牺牲是历史矛盾在
他身上的体现，并预示著矛盾的解决。这样就使悲剧带上神话色彩。
关于《恩沛多克勒斯之死》的哲学思想，他曾在洪堡时期写过《恩沛多克勒斯的基
础》一文。这个时期他还写过一些理论著作。
荷尔德林翻译的索福克勒斯的两部悲剧《奥狄浦斯王》和《安提戈涅》的译本获得
很高的评价，并且上演。
席勒认为荷尔德林的诗过于内向、主观。19世纪的评论家仍停留在席勒的评价上。
20世纪初很多重要的遗稿被发现。同时，时代的剧烈变动使人们对他的诗作有了越
来越深刻的认识，直到现代，他的诗作对人们的思想和感情还在产生著影响。他的
作品语言新鲜、自然、真纯、简洁；诗中的比喻形像，含蓄，引人深思。
荷尔德林早期(图宾根时期)的诗受席勒的影响，以有韵的八行诗节为主。这些诗曾
被称为“人类理想的颂歌”，它们的风格和布局，很像席勒的《欢乐颂》。每一颂
歌以某一理想，如自由、友谊、博爱等为对象。它们反映了法国大革命前后德国青
年的热情以及对卢梭哲学思想的向往和对封建社会的反抗。
他对未来社会的歌颂，对现实社会的不满，以及他的哲学思想的不妥协性，是他后
期的小说、悲剧和诗歌的重要主题。
荷尔德林的诗，有古典颂歌体诗(即“哦德体”)、挽歌体诗和自由节奏诗。他的颂
歌体诗使用两种格律：阿尔凯奥斯诗律和阿斯克勒庇阿德斯诗律。这两种格律有人
比之于音乐的大调与小调之分。阿尔凯奥斯诗律如《致命运女神》；阿斯克勒庇阿
德斯诗律如 《海得尔堡》。荷尔德林颂歌体诗中的德语与古典诗律结合成浑然一
体，它们兼有形式节奏的完美性和思想感情的深刻性。
荷尔德林1800年后创作的挽歌体诗和自由节奏诗有著令人神往的美。这些瑰丽的无
韵诗篇以诗句的节奏为特色。挽歌是按照古典格律以双行诗句构成的长诗，音调和
谐，格律严谨。如《梅农为狄奥提马而哀叹》、《漫游者》、《返回家乡》、《斯
图加特》、《面包和葡萄酒》等以及六音步诗(荷马史诗格律)《爱琴海群岛》。晚
期的自由节奏诗表达了诗人对德意志民族和人类历史的关怀和信念，被称为“祖国
赞歌”他曾经以希腊文化为典范，憧憬著古代神与人的交往。后又由怀念日耳曼的
过去转向民族的未来。他在诗篇中把基督塑造为古代英雄和天神的最后一个伟大形
像，预言民族与社会的得救，自然与艺术的交融。因而有人把这部作品比喻为崇高
的交响音乐。“祖国赞歌”。包括《和平的节日》、《给大地母亲》、《在多瑙河
源头》、《漫游》、《莱茵河》、《独一无二的一个》、《帕特莫斯》、《怀念》、
《伊斯特尔》、《记忆》。研究者不断地在探讨这些诗篇的意义，它们是荷尔德林
创作的顶峰。
在图宾根的荷尔德林塔
荷尔德林诗篇《和平的节日》手稿
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在July的德国浪漫主义精神影响好，好好学习荷尔德林！
- posted on 11/07/2006
Friedrich Hölderlin
Selected Poems
translated by
David Constantine
Ages of Life
Euphrates' cities and
Palmyra's streets and you
Forests of columns in the level desert
What are you now?
Your crowns, because
You crossed the boundary
Of breath,
Were taken off
In Heaven's smoke and flame;
But I sit under clouds (each one
Of which has peace) among
The ordered oaks, upon
The deer's heath, and strange
And dead the ghosts of the blessed ones
Appear to me.
'Another day'
Another day. I follow another path,
Enter the leafing woodland, visit the spring
Or the rocks where the roses bloom
Or search from a look-out, but nowhere
Love are you to be seen in the light of day
And down the wind go the words of our once so
Beneficent conversation...
Your beloved face has gone beyond my sight,
The music of your life is dying away
Beyond my hearing and all the songs
That worked a miracle of peace once on
My heart, where are they now? It was long ago,
So long and the youth I was has aged nor is
Even the earth that smiled at me then
The same. Farewell. Live with that word always.
For the soul goes from me to return to you
Day after day and my eyes shed tears that they
Cannot look over to where you are
And see you clearly ever again.
'Once there were gods'
Once there were gods, on earth, with people, the heavenly muses
And Apollo, the youth, healing, inspiring, like you.
And you are like them to me, as though one of the blessed
Sent me out into life where I go my comrade's
Image goes with me wherever I suffer and build, with love
Unto death; for I learned this and have this from her.
Let us live, oh you who are with me in sorrow, with me in faith
And heart and loyalty struggling for better times!
For such we are! And if ever in the coming years they knew
Of us two when the spirit matters again
They would say: lovers in those days, alone, they created
Their secret world that only the gods knew. For who
Cares only for things that will die the earth will have them, but
Nearer the light, into the clarities come
Those keeping faith with the heart's love and holy spirit who were
Hopeful, patient, still, and got the better of fate.
The Journey
Suevia, my mother, happy land!
You also are like your more shining sister
Lombardy over there
Flowed through by a hundred streams
And trees in plenty, white with blossom or reddish
And the darker, deep, full green, the wild trees
And the Alps of Switzerland overshadow you too,
Neighbourly; for near the hearth of the house
Is where you live and you can hear
Inside from silvery vessels
The spring rushing that issues
From pure hands when touched
By warm rays
Crystal ice and tipped over
By the lightly quickening light
The snowy summit drenches the earth
With purest water. For that reason
You are born loyal. Hard
Living near the source to quit the place.
And your children, the towns
On the long lake in the haze
On the willowy Neckar and on the Rhine
All think
Nowhere would be better to live.
'When I was a boy'
When I was a boy
A god often rescued me
From the shouts and the rods of men
And I played among trees and flowers
Secure in their kindness
And the breezes of heaven
Were playing there too.
And as you delight
The hearts of plants
When they stretch towards you
With little strength
So you delighted the heart in me
Father Helios, and like Endymion
I was your favourite,
Moon. 0 all
You friendly
And faithful gods
I wish you could know
How my soul has loved you.
Even though when I called to you then
It was not yet with names, and you
Never named me as people do
As though they knew one another
I knew you better
Than I have ever known them.
I understood the stillness above the sky
But never the words of men.
Trees were my teachers
Melodious trees
And I learned to love
Among flowers.
I grew up in the arms of the gods.
- Re: 鑽峰皵寰锋灄(鏉ㄤ笟娌�)posted on 11/07/2006
thanks for the poems, I guess we don't have good chinese
translation of him.
Greek is his homeland, as always the German.
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