лϹǨʷ
ʮһ
ԼʮʮǰԭʼȺһЩͻ䣬һµȺȺ˵صзĴԡǵij˵ߴ1300˱ԭʼ˵8001100ڰֽ(Homo sapiens)ǵڷ㷺ֲİ棬ǵ㼣˷ǵİǵǵĸչӹȣϷǵĺǡ
ʮǰһȺ˴ޱʱɫغ캣ϰ캣ˣŷ֮İ͵кӡҵǣʮǰһαڰѴˮصˮԴѷޱİ뵺ĴֵɳĮȺߵ㼣ʧˡ߳ĵһγʧˡ
Լǰ˵ڶ߳ޡһɹ캣ڣ밢뵺϶ˡڽȺŰĺǵʡͻ˹̹ӡȣӡӡ֧ǰ뵺غȺڵй㶫غִ࣬סκһ䣬߳Ⱥ˵ĺ
߳һһѡǧǰӡǵŴаͻɽɽҸӡȡͻ˹̹ףɳġ˶족һǧı֡ⳡǴδ½˿ڣʹ߳ȫֻܹʣһҡеĴǣʣڰ뵺ǵʣͶǵغ
Լǰӹѵ˼˷ڶǵ˷Ϊ·һ·붫ǣһ·ϽĴǣһ·ٴνӡȡڰ뵺ʵҲΪ·һ·ǣںǰŶ觺ӽŷޣһ·½ӡȣӶǻ˻ʦ
ԼǰǵȺ·кϰƽԭšϵȺɽ´ظԭޱɹŵԭҰձȺԼڶǧǰǡǡǵȺֱͨǣԽİϿİ˹ӡһ˼ǰذڵӢ
ʱǨʷϵĵδѡʷһαڴӶǧǰʼǧ꣬ŷDZޱıԭγ55Ա˼ıȫ֮Ǩʹ˶Ͼ
αھһǧʱﵽ㡣ŷǴ½ϵȺȺʯʱչ˶ֶԺȺϽȺҲˣȫǨƺչ
֪һеأЩ֪ʶҪԶĿǰȺŴIJݡĿѧϹⶨйصŴЯŴ롣ŴһDNAһYȾɫ塱
ϸġ糧ӦϸҪһֻ״DNAӣһǧԡĵԪгһ˳ɡDNAһЩִĹܡĸͨϸһ仰˵ϵϸȫĸףءٶһȺŮ֮ϵȥⶨǵ룬ͿԸЩƳ̶ҳĸסŮĸĸϵϵסڱŦԼء
YȾɫеŴʣԱľִСYȾɫDNAӺǧ˰ԣɸ״ӣŴлĸκŴʷDzⶨһȺ˵YȾɫĻ룬ҲͨЩƳ̶ȷȺ֮ĸסӡүүȸϵϵ
DNAӵĽṹdzȶ̥ɳ귢ֳĹУ廹YȾɫDNAӶҪεظơƹһ˿ġĸĻ뱻ʵشһٴҲϲ仯ˣһͬȵˣһǧʱƾ֮ңǻǵĺȻлͬĻ˵ȺԺϰײܴͬһһͬȡȺص֮Ҳ˿ԻһǵǨʱ߹·ߡ
ǣʵDNAƹżҲһ˵DNAÿڱһʱпܱػһͬļҲ˵DNAѧа֮һĴʡǰνͻ䡱ͻġµļеDNAӱŴһпδϴȥͻ˵ĻҲһȺıǡ
ʮͻıڸȺĻ൱ɹ۵ġڷֱסصȺĻȥ֪ͻǣһȺֻһһȺȴǣôȺ˲пͬһȣпǰߵĺǾȺ˾ס֮Ǩ·ϼǨƷ
ͻһʱĴͻƵʣǼͬһڲͻļʱ䡣һĶֲĻʱͻĴDNAλãͻλ֮ľ룬ԼЩֲͻҪʱ䣬ǿԼDNAӵͻƵʡ˵ͻΪ˽ͻƵ֮ǿԼȺʱ٣Ⱥ֮Ǩ·ߺͷ֮ټʱĶ
ڲͼǨ·ʱصijʮϰ˵ѪҺƷȡYȾɫDNA뱻һһʵ⣬ܶأijͻDzDzĴDzżȻһϡûдԣDzͬһλ÷ͻ֮ںٴͻصı룬һһԿǡǨ·ߵIJͼõ֮뿼ǵǷܺؽò͡ԡϰߵͬǷܵõʵطʯż֤֧֡
IJⶨŮԵŴYȾɫԵʱָܲһķȺ˴̣ʤѰܷնɱȥŮϼңôYȾɫ¼˿Ǩ·߾ʹһеıȻʹ˶ϾȺ˵ĻYȾɫ壬ȴٵĵطڹŴǺܳġʤɱԷ֮ϼңȴռĵطסһ꣬һͬ龰ijν"ɼ˼"ڴӶǵŷĹȺϣһȤ֤
ʵ˲߳ˡ֮ǰļʮǰһȺԭʼ˾Ѿ߳ȥˡŷ˾ǰԭʼˡᰲˡᰲһֱ(Homo erectus)ֱ˸ԵܽԷͬһȺžʯĻԭʼࡣֱڴԼʮǰӷŷǡᰲŷͬꡣŷ֤ݱ֮ʺͼһΪֱ˺Dz֣ͬͨͬᰲڴԼǰˡԭꡣҵᰲµһЩ֯DNAIJֲⶨûִҵᰲ˵ĻȻ۴Ҫȵᰲ˵Ļȫⶨ֮
ܿڵ귢ġˡʯ˴ԼʮǰڻƽԭĵԭʼˡЩΪˡй˵ȡʵϣˡ1100ңжҲֱˡһֿΪֱ˸˵ĻѪȱٻʯ֤ݡǵֱʱȽ磬ûиͬһͬʱ档ȻҲиطȺķ˹ϵ700ߵ٪ֱһֱһǧǰʧ
˳˵ֿΪйĻԭסĻ൱Ӱ졣ֿȱǨʱ֤ݡ˳ȻǴӶǡǣйŴһʷϵһ֮ʯʱʱʼչģʼʱڰǧһǰʱ֮İϿ½Ѿʧ֮ԱҲѶϾˡ
˵첻ᣬ糤ҹʵġӦøлλ¸ҵѡ˵һ˸ԴСΪŮӡһ£ҪǵһͷӵȺŮǶӴͷѿûԴСĿ˳ۣʷ糤ҹء
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/20/2007
лʮһӣͷÿ찡 - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/20/2007
ϵԶʵ壬ǰöλձѧĹطż֤ʵɳʰ뵺ǨƹȥģͷʼųƵǧӵѪŵձӴ˷ĹءҾ۶ԶǾƵӰԶžŽ¶ڲΰɡ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/20/2007
8үҵò֪
:-) - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
July wrote:
8үҵò֪
֪infinite
WOA wrote:
ǰöλձѧĹطż֤ʵɳʰ뵺ǨƹȥģͷʼųƵǧӵѪ
ⲻìǣ˵ӳʰ뵺ǨƵձǰô˵ʼ˼ɣ - posted on 08/21/2007
wrote:
July wrote:֪infinite
8үҵò֪
WOA wrote:ⲻìǣ˵ӳʰ뵺ǨƵձǰô˵ʼ˼ɣ
ǰöλձѧĹطż֤ʵɳʰ뵺ǨƹȥģͷʼųƵǧӵѪ
ձ˵һϵҲûи棬ֻ
ܹһ㼸ɡһƽʮ꣬Ҳǧʷ
http://www.jpwind.com/JP/History/20060514225517.html
ձӦҺͰ˹Ħ(Ŭ)ˣͨ˹
Լ˲Զ:) - posted on 08/21/2007
wrote:
July wrote:֪infinite
8үҵò֪
˵ǡ:-)
WOA wrote:ⲻìǣ˵ӳʰ뵺ǨƵձǰô˵ʼ˼ɣ
ǰöλձѧĹطż֤ʵɳʰ뵺ǨƹȥģͷʼųƵǧӵѪ
ҵ⣬ձһγּڹԪ57꣬йʷϣΪΪǼٸ䣬û֣ûƶȡձڹԪ600700꿪ʼдԼʷһƾõŹ
˴Լǰձ˾ʯĻżԼ8000ǰձĻ(Jomon; ָϵͼ)1000ǰһʯʱϾʯĻ֮䡣
ԪͿʼй½ɳʽձձչ(Yayoi)ʯĻĻ̳йκͼܵʵĺܴӰ졣Щȥͭ
ձΪӹԪǰ660214տʼ125ǶʷѧΪǰĴʵٰ(Ԫ)14ֻڴ˵СձӦǿʼ5͵ďeʱĻѾȡ˱Ļձȫпܴв
Ȥǣٰʵʺ̳˻λȻӏʣǏڸٰųġ
ӹԪ51500ꡣձҵҲƵõĻҡ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
I am seriously to ask for normal people, can't be infinite :-)
ʮһ wrote:
wrote:˵ǡ:-)
July wrote:֪infinite
8үҵò֪
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
In strictly scientific sense? between 2.5 - 3 litres, I promise :)
July wrote:
I am seriously to ask for normal people, can't be infinite :-)
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
ơƶǣ
:-)
WOA wrote:
In strictly scientific sense? between 2.5 - 3 litres, I promise :)
July wrote:
I am seriously to ask for normal people, can't be infinite :-)
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
July wrote:
I am seriously to ask for normal people, can't be infinite :-)
ʮһ wrote:
wrote:˵ǡ:-)
July wrote:֪infinite
8үҵò֪
˴1,300 - 1,400 ˡ
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
It all depends, I did see someone use her/his tummy to think :))
July wrote:
ơƶǣ
:-)
WOA wrote:
In strictly scientific sense? between 2.5 - 3 litres, I promise :)
July wrote:
I am seriously to ask for normal people, can't be infinite :-)
- posted on 08/21/2007
When he uses his tummy to think, he is thinking about :-)
Thanks 8 ye.
WOA wrote:
It all depends, I did see someone use her/his tummy to think :))
July wrote:
ơƶǣ
:-)
WOA wrote:
In strictly scientific sense? between 2.5 - 3 litres, I promise :)
July wrote:
I am seriously to ask for normal people, can't be infinite :-)
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
Bingo!! :)
July wrote:
When he uses his tummy to think, he is thinking about :-)
Thanks 8 ye.
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
ʱ룬Ӧøлλ¸ҵѡ˵һ˸ԴСΪŮӡҪǵһͷӵȺŮǶӴͷѿûԴСĿ˳ۣʷųҹء
뷨ӵͷˣ :-)
ԺŮǾϰߣѡɷʱԲͬ˴أϰ߱ʷչĶ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
Mr. 81,
Thanks so much for this article. It's so educating. Could you please refer me to some similar writing or your sources in English? I need to let my son read them. Thanks in advance. - posted on 08/21/2007
xw wrote:
ձӦҺͰ˹Ħ(Ŭ)ˣͨ˹
Լ˲Զ:)
аAinuǿ϶DZYayoiģ˵һĺء
ʮһ wrote:
ԪͿʼй½ɳʽձձչ(Yayoi)ʯĻĻ̳йκͼܵʵĺܴӰ졣Щȥͭ
YayoiձһҪĶˮֲ֮ǰǺģܱȡ
⻳ձĻӦд̫ƽijɷ֣Ϊа̩ϵͺijɷ֣ҲpolynesianԵĵط - posted on 08/21/2007
wrote:
xw wrote:аAinuǿ϶DZYayoiģ˵һĺء
ձӦҺͰ˹Ħ(Ŭ)ˣͨ˹
Լ˲Զ:)
ڰ˹ϿϵKetzebueʱ˽
ˡͨ˹˽Ƶ裬ʲô
ġҲ洫ԼǴDZ߹ġ
Ŭ(˹Ħ)ձˣǻ
ϹŽ;
ʹ½⣬ϹˮϽͨ
- posted on 08/21/2007
zxd wrote:
Mr. 81,
Thanks so much for this article. It's so educating. Could you please refer me to some similar writing or your sources in English? I need to let my son read them. Thanks in advance.
Glad you found it useful.
Here are some websites that are quite informative. They also provide background information.
https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html
http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/21/2007
81ƪ
˳ض˵漰ĿѧֻЩҹƣƾtummy brainԶҲˡ
۰עɡ
=================
yng
ͬӦ
- posted on 08/22/2007
WOA wrote:
ϵԶʵ壬ǰöλձѧĹطż֤ʵɳʰ뵺ǨƹȥģͷʼųƵǧӵѪŵձӴ˷ĹءҾ۶ԶǾƵӰԶžŽ¶ڲΰɡ
оѧ(AFAR)ҳϿWOA˵Ŀŷֵˡ
Ϳʼй˺ͳ˵ձȥͭˮҪǣǴȥƥձͳʷ˵ЩƥǽġʵϺܿܲǽģDZŵijġ
ձųʿձũҵԪͣ24ձ14 ˵У10ʵʴڵģǵķĹûƥҲûߡձͳʷأ(489-507)˼ִ̳ǰλһԶݾ@ (507-531)@ǸʿķĹȻȫǸйصߡԺձĻ忪ʼʿġ
ձʷھ@ʵļغģ֣Ԭд̫ڵ۵ĺľǣ@DzǴӳʿ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/22/2007
qinggang wrote:
81ƪ
˳ض˵漰ĿѧֻЩ
ԶҾʧˡ :-( - posted on 08/22/2007
ձAinuZT wiki
PeopleGenetic testing of the Ainu people has shown them to belong mainly to Y-haplogroup D.[2] The only places outside of Japan in which Y-haplogroup D is common are Tibet and the Andaman Islands.[3] About one in eight Ainu men have been found to belong to Haplogroup C3, which is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the indigenous populations of the Russian Far East and Mongolia. Some researchers have speculated that this minority of Haplogroup C3 carriers among the Ainu may reflect a certain degree of unidirectional genetic influence from the Nivkhs, with whom the Ainu have long-standing cultural interactions.[4] According to Tanaka et al. (2004), their mtDNA lineages mainly consist of haplogroup Y (21.6%) and haplogroup M7a (15.7%).
Some have speculated that the Ainu may be descendants of a prehistoric race that also produced indigenous Australian peoples. In Steve Olson's Book, Mapping Human History, page 133, he describes the discovery of fossils dating back 10,000 years, representing the remains of the Jmon, a group whose facial features more closely resemble those of the indigenous peoples of New Guinea and Australia. After a new wave of immigration, probably from the Korean Peninsula, some 2,300 years ago, of the Yayoi people, the pure-blooded Jmon were pushed into northern Japan. Genetic data suggest that modern Japanese are descended from both the Yayoi and the Jmon.
LanguageAinu is currently considered a language isolate with no known relation to other languages. It is sometimes grouped with the Paleosiberian languages, but this is merely a cover term for several isolates and small language families believed to have been present in Siberia prior to the arrival of Turkic and Tungusic speakers; it is not a proper language family. Most linguists believe the shared vocabulary between Ainu and Nivkh (spoken in the northern half of Sakhalin and on the Asian mainland facing it) is due to borrowing; there are also loanwords both from Ainu to Japanese and Japanese to Ainu. In recent years, the Japanese linguist Shichiro Murayama and others have tried to link it by both vocabulary and cultural comparisons to the Austronesian languages. Alexander Vovin (1993) presented evidence suggesting a distant connection with Austroasiatic; he regards this hypothesis as preliminary. More recently, Joseph Greenberg (2000C2002) has argued that Ainu belongs to the Eurasiatic languages; this hypothesis remains highly controversial. Evidence from studies of the genetics of Ainu and other world populations tend to hint that the Ainu people, and therefore also their language, may have some distant connection to Japanese, Koreans, or Turkic peoples of Central Asia, but it is clear from all forms of inquiry that the Ainu people and language have a very long history of isolation and independent development. They do appear, however, to have experienced some intensive contact with the Nivkhs during the course of their history; it is not known to what extent this might have affected the Ainu language.
Y-haplogroup DLike haplogroup C, D is believed to represent a great coastal migration along southern Asia, from Arabia to Southeast Asia and thence northward to populate East Asia. It is found today at high frequency among populations in Tibet, the Japanese archipelago, and the Andaman Islands, though curiously not in India. The Ainu of Japan and the Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands are notable for possessing almost exclusively Haplogroup D chromosomes, although Haplogroup C chromosomes also occur among the Ainu at a frequency of approximately 10%, similar to the Japanese. Haplogroup D chromosomes are also found at low to moderate frequencies among all the populations of Central and Northeast Asia as well as the Han and Miao-Yao peoples of China and among several minority populations of Yunnan that speak Tibeto-Burman languages and reside in close proximity to the Tibetans.
Unlike haplogroup C, it did not travel from Asia to the New World. - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/22/2007
xw wrote:
ϹŽ;
ʹ½⣬ϹˮϽͨ
ԣиϹˮϽͨ
Diamond: Collapse ͷϹŵĶľۣѽ۶ܻ̫ƽڵǰߣޣ˵Ӧÿܰɡ
һʦ֪ûⷽ?
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/22/2007
wrote:
Diamond: Collapse ͷϹŵĶľۣѽ۶ܻ̫ƽڵǰߣޣ˵Ӧÿܰɡ
ϹŰǹԪ͵£ЩʯҪʮһˡ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/22/2007
wrote:
ϹŰǹԪ͵£ЩʯҪʮһˡ
˵Ķԣָͷ̫ʹˡ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/22/2007
wrote:
wrote:˵Ķԣָͷ̫ʹˡ
ϹŰǹԪ͵£ЩʯҪʮһˡ
̫ƽ붫ǺձԵϵӦǶۡĹϵдϡ
6¡ѧԺչPNAS ָ̼14DNAֵһֻҼͷڸײ֮ǰ̫ƽġ˵̫ƽ֮ʱнͨġ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/22/2007
ȣʦᡣдIJá
ʵǿäֻҪһʲôxyʲô壬ԴʱͷͿ治
׳ЩڿѧģҶˡ
ʮһ wrote:
qinggang wrote:ԶҾʧˡ :-(
81ƪ
˳ض˵漰ĿѧֻЩ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/22/2007
ȣʦᡣдIJá
ʵǿäֻҪһʲôxyʲô壬ԴʱͷͿ治
׳ЩڿѧģҶˡ
ʮһ wrote:
qinggang wrote:ԶҾʧˡ :-(
81ƪ
˳ض˵漰ĿѧֻЩ - posted on 08/22/2007
ܵ99ڵҪ顣ϷһЩǴձʹõĹٷ̸125ʣҲϡwhich includes several legendary emperors, xw˵ǧӦޡYayoiȻԪ꣬йĴ룬ӦʱĹԪǰ300꣬99õADDZ
Ȼʵݿ֤ȤһȨѧϣҷԶŵɺϡҲǴԼԪһǰжȳּ״ηlarge-scale game hunting, ձҲҵǣȻձûмֲҵָʲôʱǶǼʳб㵱ӵô Ҳ룬Ϊ˲廨ȱʵüֵĶܿԸѧ壬ѹձΨ֮ʷԨԴɲģ))
- posted on 08/22/2007
Thanks a lot.
ʮһ wrote:
zxd wrote:Glad you found it useful.
Mr. 81,
Thanks so much for this article. It's so educating. Could you please refer me to some similar writing or your sources in English? I need to let my son read them. Thanks in advance.
Here are some websites that are quite informative. They also provide background information.
https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/22/2007
뵽һڽۣ˵ʱһζSavannaɽȣһ죬ôǵĴԽܾ㣬 ϹʱеĶֽXûһ˵Ǩ㣬ʵǶ滷ķһIJýֻͣϵ:
- posted on 08/22/2007
WOA wrote:
ܵ99ڵҪ顣ϷһЩǴձʹõĹٷ̸125ʣҲϡwhich includes several legendary emperors, xw˵ǧӦޡYayoiȻԪ꣬йĴ룬ӦʱĹԪǰ300꣬99õADDZ
ǹԪǰ꣬ӦǶܣսĩ
ллĹAinu˵ϣȷʵءҵ顶߳ޡ˵
ʹָ꣺y-Ⱦɫ塢mtDNAԣλһ壡˵Bushman
ƿʽġXuԶһʮһڡ
ϹʷҼǵά-˹˹˵ģڴʢǰ
̫ƽһֱн⣬˵ϲøײԺƶ
ʷǰʷúƶ
ЩǺܺõļ⡣ٶSusan SontagдAn Anthropologist
as a heroᵽӢѧķ磬ŵ˹ȣ
Ĺ۵㣬ѧвܡ
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/23/2007
д̫ˣ
- Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/23/2007
WOA wrote:
뵽һڽۣ˵ʱһζSavannaɽȣһ죬ôǵĴԽܾ㣬 ϹʱеĶֽXûһ˵Ǩ㣬ʵǶ滷ķһIJýֻͣϵ:
һ꣬ϺѧDZŵӰﳪǣɽDZиõطǨʱ˵ͬһ衣 - posted on 08/23/2007
wrote:
WOA wrote:һ꣬ϺѧDZŵӰﳪǣɽDZиõطǨʱ˵ͬһ衣
뵽һڽۣ˵ʱһζSavannaɽȣһ죬ôǵĴԽܾ㣬 ϹʱеĶֽXûһ˵Ǩ㣬ʵǶ滷ķһIJýֻͣϵ:
˵ǡ
ʵϹǨƲȫ"Ǩ"ʱDzҲÿһʮɡһչµԴ
˿ڵķֲµľγɣһ㲢ijΰƻĽѭһܼĻ Local activation and long-distance inhibitionλ˹ܵĸٷѳķֲֲȺķֲѭͬһԭ˵ܵԴĹٽܵΧơﵽ͡ƽֶ֮һ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/24/2007
и⡣һΪʲôŮԣĻ۹ϲͷŮԡ - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/25/2007
wrote:
и⡣һΪʲôŮԣĻ۹ϲͷŮԡ
ȻҲŮԡ
己ֳ˿ֳҪŮԣû̫¡:-) - Re: 闲话上古人类迁移史posted on 08/25/2007
һشһ߹ĸϵϵŴͬ⣬йĻϵͼ˼ͼݵYȾɫ壨ϵͼݵmtDNAĸϵ(Brittles et al, Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. Vol. 26 (2007) , No. 2 pp.77-82)
ע⺺塢塢Ļṹ弸˵ͬĸ츸ֵܡ

- posted on 08/25/2007
zxd wrote:
Mr. 81,
Thanks so much for this article. It's so educating. Could you please refer me to some similar writing or your sources in English? I need to let my son read them. Thanks in advance.
Ȥһƪ£ɵDNAͬDzͬȺݵ848һͬȣ˺ͺɿݵ57-272ǰһͬȡ
Molecular Biology and Evolution, Vol 10, 512-526, 1993
Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees
K Tamura and M Nei
Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University.
Examining the pattern of nucleotide substitution for the control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in humans and chimpanzees, we developed a new mathematical method for estimating the number of transitional and transversional substitutions per site, as well as the total number of nucleotide substitutions. In this method, excess transitions, unequal nucleotide frequencies, and variation of substitution rate among different sites are all taken into account. Application of this method to human and chimpanzee data suggested that the transition/transversion ratio for the entire control region was approximately 15 and nearly the same for the two species. The 95% confidence interval of the age of the common ancestral mtDNA was estimated to be 80,000-480,000 years in humans and 0.57-2.72 Myr in common chimpanzees.
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