lucy的彩色土豆又让我ADD起来,查查土豆到底有多少品种,野生还是栽培的。ZT维基几段,和两篇有关土豆起源,传播的文章。另外lucy的土豆看上去是 GI 值较低的所谓waxy土豆。
There is general agreement among contemporary botanists that the potato originated in the Andes, all the way from Colombia to northern Argentina, but with a concentration of genetic diversity, both in the form of cultivated and wild species, in the area of modern day Peru. The potatoes cultivated in the Andes are not all the same species. The major species is Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena (a tetraploid with 48 chromosomes,) then there are four diploid species (with 24 chromosomes) by the names of Solanum stenotomum, Solanum phureja, Solanum goniocalyx and Solanum ajanhuiri. There are two triploid species (with 36 chromosomes) Solanum chaucha and Solanum juzepczukii, and finally, there is one pentaploid cultivated species (with 60 chromosomes) called Solanum curtilobum.
Andean potatoes are adapted to short day conditions and Chilean potatoes to long day conditions. There is sufficient evidence that the tetraploid Andean short day potato was the one that first arrived in Southern Spain in about 1565, from where it spread to the rest of Europe, adapting to European long day conditions in a period of about two hundred years. In order to botanically distinguish potatoes adapted to short days from those thriving and producing tubers under long day conditions, Solanum tuberosum has been split into two subspecies by present-day taxonomists, Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum (adapted to long days) and Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena (adapted to short days.) Apart from their different photoperiodic reaction, these two subspecies are also distinct morphologically, though the differences are apparent only to an experienced taxonomist. Russian taxonomists did, in fact, create two different species in the early part of the 20th century, Solanum tuberosum and Solanum andigenum, to mark the same distinction. The process of adaptation to long days has happened once before as the potato moved from the Andes to the south of the continent. This was before the Europeans arrived in South America. Chile still has a large amount of valuable potato germplasm adapted to long days.
Historical and genetic evidence suggests that the potato reached India not very much later than Europe, probably taken there by the Portuguese. In isolated areas in the Himalayas of India and Nepal, so called "desi" potatoes are still grown, and they are very similar to the short day adapted modern Andean potato, Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena.
There are about five thousand potato varieties world wide. Three thousand of them are found in the Andes alone, mainly in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia. They belong to eight or nine species, depending on the taxonomic school. Apart from the five thousand cultivated varieties, there are about 200 wild species, many of which can be cross-bred with cultivated species, which has been done repeatedly to transfer resistances to certain pests and diseases from the gene pool of wild species to the gene pool of cultivated potato species. The list of varieties found in European, North American or Asian markets is very limited, and these varieties are all of the same species, Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum.
These potatoes are often referred to as "Irish" potatoes in the English speaking world because of their association with the Great Irish Famine, which began in 1845 and lasted for six years. ... ...
Most modern potatoes grown in North America arrived through European settlement and not independently from the South American sources. Still, one wild potato species, Solanum fendleri, is found as far north as Texas and used in breeding for resistance to a nematode species attacking cultivated potatoes. A secondary center of genetic variability of the potato is Mexico, where important wild species are found that have been used extensively in modern breeding, such as the hexaploid Solanum demissum, as a source of resistance to the devastating late blight disease.
- posted on 08/28/2007
美国农业部专家3日[2005年10月3日]发表的一项最新研究成果表明,世界上种植的土豆品种,都可以追溯到秘鲁南部的一种野生祖先。这一发现有望为种植土豆起源的争议画上句号。
这一研究由美国农业部的植物分类学家大卫·斯普纳等人负责,有关成果发表在本周的美国《全国科学院学报》上。起源于南美洲的 土豆学名马铃薯,是当今世界上最重要的农作物之一,品种很多,但是科学家对人类所种植的土豆的起源尚未达成统一看法。
“土豆起源之争”类似于人类起源之争,有单一源头和多源头两种观点。单一源头论认为,种植土豆起源于秘鲁南部或玻利维亚北部两地之一;而多源头论认为,不同品种的种植土豆可能从秘鲁、玻利维亚、阿根廷等多处起源。
斯普纳等人用DNA标记法分析了261个野生土豆品种和98个种植土豆品种。结果发现,所有种植土豆品种都可以追溯到秘鲁南部的一个野生品种。斯普纳推测,大约7000年前,秘鲁南部的一些农夫率先把野生土豆品种驯化,使其成为最早的种植土豆。此后,人们将这种土豆与一些接近的野生植物杂交,使土豆家族发展出多样的品种。
斯普纳说,部分科学家之所以认为土豆有多个起源,可能是因为较早种植土豆的地域比较广阔,也可能因为有多个野生植物品种形态上与土豆较接近,但基因证据清楚地指明了种植土豆的单一起源。
斯普纳等人在论文中还推测,其他一些表面看来有多个起源的农作物如大麦、木薯、玉米、单粒小麦等,从基因线索看也可能是单一起源。
科学家指出,土豆既可以做主食,也可以做菜肴,是许多国家的重要农作物,弄清土豆演化的线索有助于选育优良的抗病品种,比如可以从亲缘关系较近的野生植株中寻找抗病、抗虫基因,插入现有品种的基因组。这样可以避免病虫害给土豆生产带来损害。
出处:http://cn.news.yahoo.com/051004/1308/2fbiz.html" - posted on 08/28/2007
原文:美洲粮食作物的传入对我国农业生产和社会经济的影响 曹玲 原载 《古今农业》2005/3
节选:玉米约于16世纪中叶分3路传入我国,分别是西北陆路自波斯、中亚至我国甘肃,然后流传到黄河流域;西南陆路自印度、缅甸至云南,然后流传到川黔;以及东南海路由东南亚至沿海闽广等省,然后向内地扩展。从明中叶到清乾隆前,这近两百年时间里玉米仅限于在我国个别省份小范围种植,尚处于被大众认识阶段。乾隆中期到嘉庆、道光年间,是玉米大规模推广时期,此时人们开始认识到玉米的广泛适应性和高产意义,纷纷种植。嘉庆以后,玉米在全国普遍栽培,其中流民在玉米传播中发挥重要作用。清后期到民国年间,除了南方各省山区玉米栽培深入发展之外,华北平原玉米种植进入大发展阶段,玉米代替了旧有传统低产作物的一部分面积,成为黄河中下游地区人民的主要粮食作物之一。清代玉米传播,大多先在山地丘陵地区栽培,然后渐及平原地区;先在不发达地区,后发达地区;南方多于北方,山地多于平原。清代玉米集中产区是中部的陕鄂川湘桂山区、西南的黔滇山区、东南的皖浙赣部分山区,华北和东北的玉米集中区主要在清后期至民国年间形成。
番薯是16世纪后期,分多次从东南亚传入我国东南沿海的闽广两省,第一条途径是陈益、林怀兰从越南分别传入广东的东莞和电白县;另一条是由“温陵洋舶”经南澳岛传入福建泉州;再就是陈振龙由菲律宾携种至福州。番薯于明万历年间引入我国后,局限于闽粤将近一个世纪,17世纪后期开始向江西、湖南等省及浙江、江苏沿海地区扩展,18世纪中叶遍及南方各省并向黄河流域及其以北地区扩展。清代番薯分布较集中的地区有闽广两省、闽浙赣皖低山丘陵区、鄂南湘南山区、四川盆地及山东中南部。
由于史料的缺乏,马铃薯传入我国的时间和路线尚未有统一定论,可以肯定的是同番薯、玉米一样,马铃薯是多次多途径地被带到我国。本文赞同的观点是:一是17世纪中叶荷兰人把马铃薯带到台湾,然后传到我国东南沿海地区;一是18世纪由传教士、商人将马铃薯普通栽培种从欧洲带到我国;以及进入20世纪后,随着帝国主义的入侵,又多次传入马铃薯的新品种。马铃薯传播范围直到19世纪初仍非常有限,进入清后期及民国时期,随着各地引进时间的延长、推广面扩大及人们认识的加深,初步有所发展,但其真正扩大种植面积,在农业生产中起重要作用还是到了建国后。清代马铃薯的集中产区有以川陕鄂甘交界的山区为中心并向周围传播形成的西南马铃薯生产区、以晋北为中心的华北马铃薯生产区,东北马铃薯主产区是在民国后形成的。 - Re: 玉米、番薯、马铃薯如何传入中国posted on 08/28/2007
难怪浮生能烧10+ 土豆哪。 - Re: 玉米、番薯、马铃薯如何传入中国posted on 08/28/2007
July wrote:
难怪浮生能烧10+ 土豆哪。
嘻嘻,是呀,要是把我扔到安地斯山去,我就能自豪的跟st dude说,我能烧上千种土豆拉。 - Re: 玉米、番薯、马铃薯如何传入中国posted on 08/28/2007
浮生是不是胡适的再传弟子啊,特有考据精神。super喜欢。:)
不过你wiki来的那些土豆种类,把我都看晕了,一个也分不清,好像绕口令一样。估计只有xw能降住它们那些拉丁术语了。 - Re: 玉米、番薯、马铃薯如何传入中国posted on 08/28/2007
青冈你也太抬举我了,不是都坦白了是ADD么,只要你喜欢就好 :)
恩,那名字我也挺晕的,我能明白的只有这些:
Solanum 是属名,中文叫茄属。后面跟的是种名(species)。
di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-ploid 是指二,三,四,五倍体,就是有多少个copy的染色体,都分属不同的种。
我们平常吃的土豆是Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum,tuber肯定是根茎的意思,ssp 大概是 subspecies。另一种相近的Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena,最后一个字里则有安地斯山(Andes)。
其余的要xw来了。 - posted on 08/28/2007
浮生 wrote:
青冈你也太抬举我了,不是都坦白了是ADD么,只要你喜欢就好 :)
恩,那名字我也挺晕的,我能明白的只有这些:
Solanum 是属名,中文叫茄属。后面跟的是种名(species)。
di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-ploid 是指二,三,四,五倍体,就是有多少个copy的染色体,都分属不同的种。
我们平常吃的土豆是Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum,tuber肯定是根茎的意思,ssp 大概是 subspecies。另一种相近的Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena,最后一个字里则有安地斯山(Andes)。
其余的要xw来了。
浮生所言皆对,聪明!关于植物拉丁,植物形态学上的拉丁称谓很重
要(得花几年时间),当然,还有希腊、拉丁的数目字。
土豆我爱吃,但油炸的土豆片,土豆条不能接受。
看,印弟安人多了不起。可惜多被灭绝啦! - Re: 玉米、番薯、马铃薯如何传入中国posted on 08/29/2007
浮生mm: 真是长见识!厉害厉害!:)
周末一定去买袋这花土豆。。。
- posted on 08/30/2007
浮生 wrote:
嘻嘻,是呀,要是把我扔到安地斯山去,我就能自豪的跟st dude说,我能烧上千种土豆拉。
五千种土豆,每种之间味道差别到底有多大?科学家的细分精神已经远远超过了我味蕾的分辨能力。 当然如果不把土豆煮来吃,问题又另当别论。想起一个二十五岁以上级的笑话(浮生你达标了吧?),有肌肉男、骨架男两人相约去海滨游泳,骨架男周围随时簇拥着不少女性泳客,肌肉男百思而不得其解,于是上前讨问秘诀。
骨架男说,放个土豆在泳裤里就行了。于是第二天,肌肉男照办不误,但一点不见效果,只好又拉过骨架男追问,你说咋放了土豆也不管用啊!
骨架男把他上下打量了一番, 慢吞吞地说,对不起,忘了提醒你,土豆要放在前面: ))
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