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˱йѡ١Ͽûѡٵѡ١ѡۣѡۺƶȣȻ˾ٺܴҵǣѡۺܷܿչΪκͽͷΡǷǡ
˵κʷȶΣյġ嵱Ȼѷϣ仰ԲأΪʷȿԴڣDzɶʷʵԼúҪȵ塣ѡۺʮߴDzǹҵϹΪȫҲϡ
һԣѡۺǽ̻ЭСѡУǸռĸѡλĸѡ֮Ȼ֪Ľ̻һֱƺáƺãԵ̷ʷĻԵʮӢġ¡ǽ̻ʺͻʵ֮ɵЭʥ۹ι֮ͳһĽ̻ڱκЭͬҲʥ۹֮սᣬΪ̻ͳһ߽֮⡣ڽ߽ͳһҵγɣ𣬼ͬʱġȻһʶ
̷֮ǰн̻ϵ۵ķֹѡѡĶλû̻ĴڣʱDzġǣĶԱйΣԾȱһͷһͷڽֻ֪йƾʦһ̺һʵȻһϷ̻ᣬǵĽ̻ڵ쵼£ëۺҮս˫عϣǵĽ̻Ҳǹ磬ԲԸˡңйʷû̷룬ѡλĺѡƶȡĸʵۺν̻ĥϹأſѧĽ壬ΪʵѭǣȴѡνۺҪȨԽߵ飬£ʹȨգ彫ѧҲ뵽ʵۡôëʦëʱѡ˵ĿΣǣڣȨУǵν̿Σأ
Ҫ˵γɵ͵Ա֮ѡǼһ죬ʩ˶IJѡ٣ǵѡںڽ̺ηҰ֮أȫûжԡĻĿܣҲݲͬĿܣڽηҰڵκοԡЩʶ̬ͬҲƺ³ɷȫίԱкĿܣȴҲĻϣγͳһǿʷվʽĸٺ͵ˣϵθĸϣȱ̸ijĻ嶯Ҳֻڷ˹ּȨһϣijתרơĿܡ磬ⶳʱɶͷηȡǣ¼Ժëܶͺ³¶źͣûκ谭Դͳһʶ̬ѿ֮ڽ̿ΨһĴ̵ʲ٣ҲȻĴ˼˹塣
ǣԣƺƶȣԴǵ֮ṹƶȵĽṹһƪҳ֮Ϊˡ塱ʵġԪϵᡣɣԭĽ̻ʺͻʵ֮⣬ȻڸֵȼͷҰǶ˵ʮͣӢײĴڣǻɹԺٴɡڷĶ಼ﰺϼУҲ˵ȼIJʮ͡ں˵ĶԼǸùηص㡣࣬˵һֲͬϸ᷽ʽ֮ڣչͳ졣ЩԪʷʵʱʵǰᡣȨ˵ԭϵ˹˵ķ˵ᱳӢײĺͽ⣨ںͽȦأ¸ڣطãǺͽ֮ı֡ͽ⣬Ҳǵĺггԭġط䡷ҲͬɣרƺͶ֮˫ϻɫġͷҹ֡Ҫǣʱ̸ˣҲҮմϣСĶ಼ﰺӰ켸͵ľڴ˸ʱҲã¹Ҳã˹ģڿϣѭġת͡Щת͵Ļʲôʩе˽ơƲ˽ѡѡȨijֽۺͳɣȵȡЩԹȻ˹÷˵Ļɷ롣ʲôǵĻ֪һ˲μѡ٣ϵ¹֮ϡ˹˵䴫ǣ
ӢµײĴڣȷǵĹ壬ƽʷʵǵĵȼ͵ĸ·ʮ֮ĸɵĴӸĸﵽһУпάƶĸĸԭǵĻʵũҵijаƺ͵ȼIJȨѡٵᱳȻаǸѡۺʱɡǣᣬʼմڵĿԣȲһָԭҲǸʱĹ黹ĻξõĽṹ¡ǣѡۺij֣Ӧ˵˵ʥ۹߽ԴڸͶ÷˵ĸҵζڽɡ䴫ǣôѡٶλijڽ̴İ취йʷʵȫۡ
йʷϣûȨͳεĴͳҲ.ΤԣһƺȨͳŽײδڣǣͬʱźͺȨص㡣DzĨɱġѧ֮ѣ
ڵйϵĽײأǵĻشǣûС۲족ϡ˹־֮йвԣһȷ˵¸ԴǺܲɿġвγɱ׳˵йΪʲôΪǵԴԵȫֻȫƿغͶ͡.ķԹٵϰնһѪСν뵳û뵳ĴСʱңDzγɶʲǵʱǵʱʱ֮ûеһ֣ǵʱܿͻʧIJʣܶԸСʣҲֿɱˣƲգɱ군ëʦµļȨᣬֻһʱҵʱ壨ĻڣñνͷռȫԴĺȨᡣһ֮źȨ¢ңϣʽļȨ˽ƣպǴ˷ʱдա
һԵķ棬ʮʱϷйڣйȨ¢ʱѵûйϷǿɰйǾ˵Щ¢ʱռݵĹҲƸʱǵжϣͻȻĺȨʡʲôأǸո˵ģйᣬûбӦòԴνǴĽײͽʣμ17ǣһֽͽײ֮أĻϣڽϣϣֺ¢ϲͬġƽ̻ʺͻʵۣ壬ݸͲƷIJͬأЩֻڸ㡰ѡۺڸ㡰ׯׯҲжڡءѡ٣ѡأĽ˺£һϣŲһأëƪҡǣĴߡǹ壬ǼȨ壬еʱңˣũ֪ʶӣ˷ˣʵת䵽ڵĺɫʱҵļڡǰëʦһ˵ʵۣɼˡDzûӢȼҲûзĵȼЩ˵ġѡۡΪûŷĻεѡ۹ԣǼȨ˵ĻĵϷרƶУұijֶԪĻѡ֮֮ۡͬ
ǣǵļȨͳȨʽжϣйȺԱĿԲڡ룬˶ӣ˹˺ũ˹ƶ״ݱ䵽ʲôӣͷԵˣҲͼġϺͼǣȨʽڵǿǰ;һǷѡϷʽѡ٣һǣʱϵͬйгūۻۻҼƻй̬ȡԴԴֻľٴУʹйһϣ˥ȥһVOAڣĺΪȷȻʹģЩȥͽҪȥģЩڣ۰ͰͶб֮⣬ѧĺӣЩʮˡ⤰㼷һǣǴѡۺƶУϣDzġЩ˹رҪԵˣڱ鲼йDzԵתأ
ǴŷʱĵԻмĽѵ;УǷԵóĽأ۾ǣʱ壬ڲԤгƵԭʼУ˹ƽijԼҸԤȰ취ʵнʱ˫Эʱĵ⣬Ƚϴȵиڻ˺Աǰѹ˽ġһʹõġūйڵΪνūƶūŶūƽʵнƽȵߡ̣20ͣñȽϳķչ˵ȹѺܶײ㣨С/VOAɷãձʷϣάʱڸǵȨ˶˶ҲΪٲĺͼ˵źͶչŶתƺͻ⡣ȨάȨ˶ڴѹɶΣķʱڣδȡйνַͷʹҽͷʹҽţƳռʽ֪ġڲ༸ʮԺй쵼άȨͰչ˶ȴѡͱֶΡҿڵУ˶ʷء磬ʡ۹˴չԴúչȣνάȨʶѵĹʽνάȨʶDzھ֮֮ǣǣάȨ˶ʶһǰѾѣֻҪο־ѵںάȨ˶ʶ̬ݻǴҺӵġνĻ˶Ҳù֮ʵС˶ġҲijֵּڵ֮֮ؼǣйûκûκκϷĹũᡣԮձ˵ĸĸźͽ뻳߲֮еķʽȨֺ⣬⣬йĽŲΪܡ
ʱԣձԻԡٲĺͼĴ֮ȻҲǽ⣬ȨIJš䡰ŷ˼ĺģģӢֳңʵʩԻԡʱԻУɻȱһ档20͵죬װֳȻѾʽǣʱ㣬ȻǶʱͶʺͶ⾭áԡģʽľñûʲôı䣬һֱõɳչʱתͶгָ߶˸壩ЧӦʱԣ21ͺ20ͣ19͡18ͣޱʲͬǰɯ.¬ɭͺ.صʱÿἰ¬ɭ壬ڼǰѹڣ۹ʱʽȻijνг㡪۵ʵãйŷոʱĽϡdz֮ΪϽ۱١ͶʺʱЧӦ˵ˣйʱͿ˾ľӶᣬ˫йūʵаȻʷϹڸǸֻŷڱгơǣDzδйԵԡʱײıԣϵʱĺڰ˫ϴɽѹйͷϡǣοй˵Ľ⣬ɲأҲأڡҲ˵ǿݸ˶ֽδйĵʱȫһؼڡĮսֻȨй֮ľȫʱ֮ɭ֡ʵò壬ʱͻڱκΣйȨ֮ҲͲᱻһһν
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ĿǰϺ߲Ȩṹʹŷرǵ¹ʷйνѡۺƶȡָijЩΪѡۺKurfrstKurfrstenǣȨѡٻʵۣҪָѡٵ־ʥ۹ʵۣƶǡǻȨή֮θ֡
¬ɭIJʵΪʹΪλϿɣ1356Ŧױƶ¡گ顱ʽȷ⽨ѡٻʵ۵ĺϷԡگȷ˵۹߸ѡۺǷֱ̻ѡۺȴ̣¡̣̣ĸѡۺɭDZշIJưDzйϣǹλѡۺѡٳ˳ơ־ֻоɽ̻ʼġ־ܻơʥ۹ʵۡ
úѡۺĸƼӦŷΡȱ䶯һЩǨƶȵĻ仯ֱ1806ɢʥ۹һѡۺƶȲɥʧʵ壬ݱһλʽˡ
Dzעʮߴй߲㣬Ѿγһơѡۺĸ֣Ȩ˥ܵյԼλ̳ˣòȺ壨ξֳί ൱ڸõλԪϣ֮䷴Эɱ֮䣬ּۻۣĥϣѡҾɽܵĿǰй߲㡪ξ־ųί˫ͷIJȷԣǶδߣһѡۺšϣ֮ȨġλλѡۺȻΪߣλһԲȫ֣ϾÿλѡۺͶƱȨġ
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йġѡۺŲ㣬ȨdzҪģ֮Ȩ˥Ȩ쾭ʱ֮ɼλ ѡۺѡ䣬ǰѲˡϷԽǡġмڴˣйϲһѡۺֻ֣һʱԵİšȻΪȨݼ֮ݱһֹԸ֣ԻڲǿȱλµȨɳܳеijֽιܡǣȴ֤Ȩеijξð
йʮߴ֡ѡۺĻ̬ơΪխģΡķ롣
ӡΡΡ
ӡѡۺѡѡۺ
ȻһƺʾˡѡۺΧչơζйڲѾεġѡۺƶȳԡ
עˡձ¶ʮߴǰй飬İй߸ͶƱѡξ֡ݣйһİٶɵѡίԱᣬͶƱѡһξίԱѡ˵Ƽ̷Ϊ岽
һ¶ʮգİ˵ѡٻͶƱһšΪξίԱԤѡƼΪƼ
ֽξֳίοƼԼ֯ԿѡĿ졢̶ȡӽṹҪȣⶨһξּġѡ
ʮ°գҲʮߴǰһڣξͬ
ġʮ¶ʮһգʮߴѡίԱɼίԱ
塢ʮ¶ʮգһȫᰴѡѡһξίԱͳί
Ұһ֮ΪѡѡۺƶȣİΪѡѡۺѡۺѡۺ
Ŀǣİ˷ΧڣѡξίԱͳίѡѡۺšȻİǡѡۺѡۺȻȨֱѡʵۡǿѡѡʵ۵ˡѡѡۺҲԼѡʵۡȻڸΧڵѡۺƶ顣
ȻźáѡѡۺǸ߶ȱܡ߶Ȳݵһ顣ҲǡƼǡοο塣Ҳ˵δι̡
һζ̸ָģָڹءʽذѡѡۺι̣ʽʵйξҪһƣͲٴǹڿͷϵੲݵ߽ˡΪζϷ֣ΪΧҲζźϷԻصˣɶйǰijֹֽڴġ
ȻԡԣΪйĻص㣬һɡ˾ɥġȻʹˣڡѡѡۺİ֮ڣģȽϡѡۺΪšˣȻڰѡۺӡΡ֮ĻѡѡۺƾͿΪΡˡ
ȻͬĻ֣ǣпռСǷdzҪġǿԣ조䡱조ޱߣ조ڽ֡,ǣܹˡʮ˲ˮ©طϢϵۣʡΡڹΡdz˵ΡڹռȺƺʽijģƺڡκҲܼˡ
ȻԣģΧ֮СǼҪġ
dz̸йѽͷʱʵͷѴйꡣʷҲעͷתΪ﹤ߵĿԡʵϣ9ͷΪ400ͷչࡰͷʱйΣӾ˵ġΡߵİ˵ġΡǧ˵ġڽΡʱѡۺƶķΧؿǧǧ˶ơѡۺͬȵȨιͷѾѰաͷʱͷΡҲʵˡ
ǾǸӡдӡ
- posted on 10/30/2007
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ϸͳԳơƷơְûееġгǡȸ顱ѩడĨһѣȨκȨʱĿûôɺˡƱгֻǻݣɢӮǮżȻģDZȻڶ֪ʱô
ͬ㻹еġǰɫֻܻʼãгίϴŹ봩ɶɶҲʱΨһȷĴ𰸡ѡҲܹйʵֵĿԻǴڵģֻʱ⡣ֻʱڣԶǰգȽϿɱоǼʹƷƣʵδҲֹ۲ȥơ
- posted on 10/30/2007
ֵһ7ǰôûʱѧϰĿΪ⣬һ˵һйûѡۺĻƣҲûСӢŲȵһۺѡġȫνѪԵơȻѪԵǹȥûDNAݱҲôʺšһִλƵĽݾ:)
ĺҲûѡġӢԺLordsƼŮġˣпܵϡڵʲôʵݣҲûڽԺȫѡѡֱѡ٣ԺԸĻϽԺͶƱϳԺ
йȥ˵йɫҪͶƱֱѡۺǵһ١ۺܻڵкϷԡ - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 10/30/2007
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- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 10/31/2007
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ڼġչúãԿͨƶȵ half-way house. - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 10/31/2007
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Ҫҡλڡʾɳ֤^_^ - posted on 10/31/2007
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ѡۺֵĻԭἰ̶źͺгײ˽вƲȨأҷغƲȣ
ڣǿԿѡۺηĽ֮һ磬¹1356ġƽگ顷ʽߴѡȨѡٹͻʵۣͬʱԼӵȨ˾Ȩ˰ȨȨ涨ھǵİɴ˴ӷȷ˵־Ķλʽʥ۹ƣתΪ ɢİƣԭʥ۹ͼͬʱߴѡʮٶСǧʿء˺500꣬־һֱķѵ״̬¡йʵǿģģʽǰͬҪЩѡۺƬζDzġ
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911,ڶ˵һλͯ·ȥ, ˵Ŀּͳж. ʱ,ֱǰͷ,,ʿ߱,,)Լɭ. Ϊ˵ʱ˵,Ϳ¡,Ѱ˵ĿּѰλ̳,Ǵӱصѡٲ, ɴ˵־ʼԼչʷ, ־λ̳ƶҲγ˺ʹͳϮ̳Ʋͬġѡۡƶ.
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1.һ(911-918) ־(). ¼ǺͿּͬϵļ塣 911, ͯ·,ɶԼ־ѡΪ־λڼȨ䰵,Ӱɭʿ߱Ͱͷǹͬʱ˵սҲʧǰȰ˵ܰ·λҪѡĶɭΪļ̳ˡ
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1һ(919-936), ɭ־ɭ֮ӣҲΪߺ925ֲֹ꣬־ 933꣬һʵ־ǵ»ˣ˶Ե־в936һȥ־ѾͳһΪһ˺һΪǵһλ־͵־ĴߡһȢֹǵӷֱΪ־ͷǹͿ¡̡
2һ936-973ɭ־һλʥ۹ʵۡҲΪʵۣһ㽫ĵ۹Ϊ˵۹۹еĵ۹Ϊ־ʥ۹һֹijӣҲΪдۡ936衱־ѡΪ
3ж973-983־ʥ۹ʵۡһ³ӣ961͵־丸ִͬ967ʵۣɭΪ̳ǰϰߡж䣬ɭﵽ˼ʢ978꣬Ͳϣٴγ980꣬жΧ裬ʹ˹ֵ̩ȨҪͬ꣬ж½̻Լʮ982꣬жϲ˻ܣͳһδʵ֡ǰռͥʵŬ˹Ů
4983-1002־ʥ۹ʵۣж֮ӡ983丸ȥѡΪ994꣬995꣬ӵΪ̻ʣƸΪʷϵһλ¹˽̻ʡ996̻꣬ΪΪۡ
51002-1024ͷǹ־ʥ۹ʵۡһĵܵܰͷǹijͷǹǿߺͷϵкijӡ 1002꣬ȥ䣬ٳ˰еѣɭͼָʿֵ߱Ĺδ±ѡΪ־1004걻ƾΪ1014̻꣬ʱϿذΪΪۡλڼ䣬Ϊ˶ԿǿЧȨӴ˵־Ȩʼ׳շչΪ˻Ȩв¬ɭݸʵûã˵˶˻ĹͬԼ¡Ҳ֪Dzԭ1146̻ȽΪʥߡ
1¶1024-1039꣩־ʥʵۡһŮֹµʩɶĶӡ10249±־ѡΪ10261027꣬ԼʮΪᡣ1028𣬿¶ʼְµúIJñ1032꣬òԷĹͷΣijƲ˳˰µú1032꣬ڹʱڳ³ȥ 1034꣬¶ֲڣȡ˴ֲء
21039-1056ʿ߱ͷǹ־ʥ۹ʵۡ¶ʿ֮߱ӡ1046ӵ¹˽̻ʿâͬ½̻ΪΪۡʱڣܿʧȥĦάǣӵе
־ʵȨƴﵽ˼ʢ,˿̻ʵĵز,ͳ,۹Ѿʼ˥,ƶĽ̻ĸƳһǿĽ̻ʸ,պΪӺļв.
3(1056-1106), ͷǹ,־,ʥ۹ʵ, Ͱ̹˹֮, 1066ǰĸ. ͢ҳͻ,1076̻ʸľ, òͽ̻,1077ŵɯ̻, ʷơŵɯ¼,ѵĵ־λ,ѡʿ߱³Ϊ¹, ־ս, սʤ³,֡ƽں,̽, 1084,˸½̻ʿâΪΪ. 1098ѡӺΪ, ͺԿ,־սٶȱ, 1106,ڴ˺,ͻȻȥ.
4(1106-1125), ־,ʥ۹ʵ,ĬŮ֮, 1111걻Ϊ, λڼ,̻ʺͻʵۻ,ս, ־ûʵۺͽ̻ʵì, ǵIJҵȨ,־Ȩ˥, Ӵ˿ʼ˵־СʱӢһŮٶáλ䵽˺Уɭ̩С
ֱ
1 ̩1125-1137ɭ־ʥ۹ʵֱۣ֮ӣ1125걻ѡΪ־1133̻ӢŵɭΪۡΪ̩Ϊ·Ķӣз˹̩һӵʥʵ۳ƺţ־ΪǺǰʥ۹һͳϵµĹңԳΪ̩̩ڹںͻ˹շҼĿºҳս ڹԶͱñʹ͵1137ܶϳƽ뵺ؾ;̩ȥսһ̩λ䵽˻˹շҼУʼ˻˹շͳΡ
˹շ
11138-1152־ʿ߱һ֮Ů֮ӡ 1127ԷΪͻʵ̩ս1137̩꣬ȥ¶䣬1138ϲѡΪ־̩ļ̳˰ͷǺɭĺ̩ŮΤ壩ܾϣɱս˺ֱĩΤͻ˹շҼսһֱûͣϢ1146꣬μ˵ڶʮ־ռͥ۹ʱռͥ۹˼ƻ1147꣬Сǣµʮ־ͻ˻űȫߣºӣ⡣ǰδΪۡλָ곤ֶʿ߱(ʿ߱ϵ)
2һ1152-1190ʿ߱־ʥ۹ʵۡĸʿ߱ҶĶӣҲơңưͰ˵Ǻӵ1152念֮УѡΪ־1155̻꣬ʰﰲΪΪۣܾΪ̻ǣʿɱǧˡһͼָ۹ҫһ֣1156꣬ȡ˲ڵĴƬأΤİͷǷֳһָ˻˹շҼİͱ壬˰µӴ˰µӵ־ 1158ֱ1177꣬Ķȳ˹Լ̻ɽ˷1176걻װ͵ܣҲò˹ɽ¹1189꣬70һμ˵ʮ־жͷӢʨһǰʥأ1190꣬һںɰǰ뵺ϵշʱˮһΪʿĵ䷶ܶഫ˵˵ûӡҶĵ־ͰͼָĻɽг˯һӥ뿪ɽͻѡ1941622գNC¹ˡͰж
31190-1197־ʥ۹ʵۣһ벪ŮȰ˹֮ӣ1190ѡΪ־Ȣ֮ܶŮ˹̹˿1191ɽ̻˹͢ΪΪۣ1194Ӵŵͳϵжϡһŵ1189ȥĺӵֶͳһϲﵺӴΪDz˹
4.գ1198-1208ʿ߱־һͱȰ˹ӡҲʿ߱ķ֡ȥףӵ˹շҼĹѡٷΪ֧ΤȴѡΤİΪսٴα1205꣬õֵ֧ķٴμ1208621գձͷǵıɱԭ˵ǷվܾŮ֡
Τ
1 1198-1215־ʥʵۣͷǹɭʨӺӢŮٶijӣСӢ˾ʨ鸧1198꣬ɭͰͷǹѡΪ־ͻ˹շҼķֱս1209̻ӢŵɭΪΪۡ˺ֺ֮ҶӢŵɭ 1211꣬־ŦױУϳ˰Ĺƺţѡٻ˹շҼҶΪоܾλ1214꣬ӢԼɵڲսл1215꣬вòλͳʱڿʼ־ʿʼ˳200ĺذĴģ˶γ˳ΪDZ³ʿĹңպΪ³ʿ֮ء⣬սϣΪԱ־ijͬ֯Ҳʼγһʱڡ
ߡ ˹շ
5Ҷ1212-1550־Ү·ʥʵۣĿ˹̹˿ijӡ1197꣬Ҷ丸λ1212Ŧױ鱻ѡΪ 1220̻꣬ʰ³˹ΪΪʥʵۡҶһӽ͢Ȩжȹ1227̻ʸΪδܼʱʮ־֮ ȴ1228ʾӰոҮ·䣬1229ûнʿڳ£мҮ·ؾĽ̻ʹӣʹ̻ʽ⡣1239꣬ٴζ䴦Ծ1240Ҷֽ̻ʹ1243꣬Ҷܼν̻ӢŵɭӢŵɭӴ̻ʿʼܷӰ졣1248꣬Ҷ˻ܣʧռвء1250ƽȥҶԣедڵʱ嶼äڿѧ;ѧĵ۹ڷϳ¢ϾӪȨͨ˰ڹ˰ΪʱִͷԵľ־ʵҶӱ˵ǸˣɳһĴʱȹԵ¹ĺ٣ͳһʥ۹Ѳڣ˺ʥ۹Ȼлʵţ۹ĹʽѲڣνҲʥǸ۹
61250-1254־Ү·ҶҮ·ŮԼµĴӡ1237꣬Ҷ䳤Ӻַ1220꣬ҶָΪ־δ־ϵСҶ־ѡٿΪ־1250Ҷ̳λ1251꣬ܵ־ż˵־ר̻ӢŵɭȻδܺͽ⡣ 1254꣬ȥºͿȺ̳λֵ̻֧ܽİ㹫Ϊλ뿵ս1268꣬սܱDz˹гնס ˹շϵʹսᣬϵת밲֮С
λʱ (1254-1273)
1254꿵ȥ,־, ,˹ǹ,Ӣֶ鶼һƾΪ,־ûһͳһľ. ڷ˹շҼĻս֮,ʱ־γߴѡƶ,־Ӵߴѡѡ,Ƿֱǿ¡̡Ĵ̡̣ɭDZͲϣǹ
ͼϵʱ
1˹³һ(1283-1291) ־˹ µ˹ǹǹ˹֮ӡ1273꣬־ߴѡѡٺĹ˹³һΪ־ĿȻΪ˰־Ȩܵϣǹпķԡ³һԼʮ䣬ַп1278꽫пܲɱ ³ͨսӲϣȡ˰µǹµǣ˹ǹµģڽ˹ǣɴ˹˹һҹ֮ļһԾΪ춨˰µ˹ģ˺˹ưµ֮á
2ɧİ1292-1298־ɧɧķ֮ӡ1292־ѡѡٺӰɧΪ־ȡĹ˹塣λڼڽͼָҪ־ķԣλ־ͼλĸսб˹İһɱ
3.˹İһ1298-1308־µ1298꣬˰ѡΪ¹λڼ䣬ͼʹԼĶӼ̳вϣǹĺϵͼָɭҪ־ķԣһ֡1308꣬ʿֶ߱Լɱ
4¬ɭĺ1308-1313¬ɭ־ʥ۹ʵۡ¬ɭ֮ӡ1308갢һ̺־ѡٴѡ˺¬ɭε־1310꣬ɽ̻ʿָ̣ʱĽ͢ѱǨİά̣ΪΪʥ۹ʵۣΪҶһλĻʵۡ1313ҮɸھС
5˹1314-1326µ־һĴӣ1314꣬ĸѡڷ˸ѡΪ־־Թ˹еǣѡٰͷǹά˹ͺռ·Ϊ˫ѡյս1322սܱ1325걻·Ϊִͬߡ1326Ӱڰµ
6ά˹ͺռ·1314-1347ϰͷǹͷǹʥ۹ʵۡϰͷǹ·֮ӡ1314걻ֵ־ƾΪ˹Կ1322ڰͷǻܹ˹壬õ˹˹İͷǣȵأ1340ϲϰͷǣϰͷǹ1328Ϊ䡰סΪۣʱ̻ڰά̣, ̻ԼʮĺϷ,ܵ˵־ĵ, ־־ѡȨѡٻʵ,Ӵʥ۹ʵ۲Ҫ̻ܽʵļ.
7(1347-1378),¬ɭ,DZ߽,־,ϣǹ,ʥ۹ʵ, ¬ɭIJϣǹԼͲϣǹɯ֮, 1346걻ѡΪ־.1355ʥ۹ʵ, 1356ġƽگ顷ʽߴѡȨѡٹͻʵۣͬʱԼӵȨ˾Ȩ˰ȨȨ涨ھǵİɴ˴ӷȷ˵־Ķλʽʥ۹ƣתΪ ɢİƣԭʥ۹ͼͬʱߴѡʮٶСǧʿء˺500꣬־һֱķѵ״̬¡ʱ,ŷ˺Ϯ,ŷ֮һ˿.
8¬ɭIJ߶1378-1400־ϣǹӣ1376꣬ͨؽ¸ʹIJ߶ѡΪ־1400꣬¹ܺݹע䲨ϣDZ־λ˺IJ߶ͳβϣǣݿ˺ܿ챬˹˶IJ߶˹ݿ˹ڱ˺˹ս
9ά˹ͺռ³أ1400-1410ѡ־ ѡ³ض֮ӡ1400걻ѡΪ־
10¬ɭ˹ɵ(1410-1437), DZѡ,־,ϣǹ, ,, ʥ۹ʵ.,IJ߶ĵܵ, 1382̳ҵ·һ(·״)IJλ,Ϊ.1387,̳·һ֮Ůλ,Ϊ. 1410걻ѡΪ־. 1419ֲϣǹIJ߶ں˹սܾŶ,λϣǹ,˺˹ɵڽݿ˵ĺ˹սʧ,˳ٳδܼΪ,ֱ1433,űΪ. ˹ɵڳڹע,1415,IJDZѡۺλ佫,ɴ˿ʼ˻ڲDZ˺³ʿͳ..ֵһ, 1414˹ɵ²μٿȫ̻, ôλ齫ʱŷ̻һ,ȷȨµȫ̻ڽ̻֮ϵԭ,Ӵ˽̻ʸεʷһȥ. ˹ɵԼ̳,¬ɭϵʹж
ʮ˹
1. ض(1438-1439) µ,־,ϣǹ,. ضǹ˹İһ,µĶ, ˹ɵµŮɯ. ˹ɵ,1438걻ӵΪ,ͬ굱ѡΪ־.
2. (1439-1493) µ,˹ǹ,ǹ, ,־,ʥ۹ʵ. ˹,ǺͿŷ˹֮,һ,ضõ, 1439걻ѡΪ־,1452,̻ܽΪ,ǵ־һɽ̻ʼĻʵ,1477,벪ڹŮ,µɴ˻ȡ˲ĴƬ,һٳΪŷǿ,˹˺ͨͳһŷ,ɴ˵һ: ȥսɣֻͰµһܻ
3. һ1493-1519µ,˹ǹ,ǹ, ,ڲ־ʥ۹ʵ֮ۡӣ1482ڹȥֲڣϲ˷ϲڹأȴȡ˲ڶƲڲء1490꣬ȡ֡˹֧ϵ˹ɵµء1486걻ѡΪ־(丸ִͬ),1508,̻ͬ,ʥ۹ʵ.
4. (1519-1558),һij.ŷʷϾͷľ.ͷζǹ˹ijɹ,ҰЩɹܽһ:
ijӲڹһȢ˿˹ŮɯͰ쳵϶ĶŮ, Ƿһ, 1506̳˲ڹͷ,ȡ. 1516,̳游쳵϶İ,Dz,ǹ,Dz˹,ͷ. ͬ,ִĸ,̳˿˹ǹͷ. 1519,һȥ,ѡΪ־,̳游ݵ,˹ǹ,ǹ, ,ͷ.1520,Ϊʥ۹ʵ. λڼ,ǹ˹ʢʱ,ͬʱ. λڼ,ӵ¹·µ½̸ϯŷ, Ӯ˺Ϸλ. 1521-1553,ͷһΪؽδģս,ȷͳ. 1526˹۹,·,15291533,ιάҲ,ĵܵܰµ쳵һò˹۹Ƴ. ˺˹ʼմڰ˹۹в֮,ֱ1571հкս,˽Լڴ,˰˹۹в. - Re: zt神圣罗马帝国选帝侯posted on 11/01/2007
wrote:
İ
ѡۺֵĻԭ...
"ѡۺ"ǸѵѡóëһĻʵۣһɡ
ʵһѡ쵼˶Сؼ쵼Ҫ쵼Ӧõõͬ⡣
Half-way house can lead to a normal life. It can also lead back to jail. - posted on 11/01/2007
ʵѡۺҲЩѡѡ˵ĺѡ˵Ĵڱһֹҷ֮档Ϊ֮档ɢѡۺҺγɶšСƽگ顷ȫ59档ȷ涨͵طѡ˵ȨΡҪȻɭ𣬽ݿˣǣȡIJ̵֮ϵģƲϵȨдگġҲ˵ѡ˻ѡǵij֣ѡ鱾ij֣κڽ̷ѡԤڴ˻ϽаʽٷѺͳһѺͳһ˷еͳһͳһеķѡ
һҪйԻ¼ΡʷϣʱʱѡۺͺѡˣѡѡĿʱΪйеսͳһ۶ϡʷϣսͳһ۸ȡκ߰ƵĺѡѡΪʲôʼʲóѡ۵Ŀܣ֮䣬ֻǽսʱսı̸УܳȫѡͺƽѡأĻ⡪ҲйûʼԹϣĻ̫ҮĻ˼ԭԭȱʧ˾ܲ뵽ѡ֮ᣬҲҲû뵽ǣ뵽ˡ
һҪʷȽ죬ȻʲôҪʮߴѡδεĵʵνѡۺҪ½̨⣩ɹԭйȵȣѡһִͳܲǶѡۺȷλЩѡǷϵ־ѡ֮壬ĻǼݿĻͬڵ־Һ͵Ŀ˲֮ͬԶġҲ˵йѡ֣дгƵŽԤڡǼܵġܵϰй˵Ĵһͳ˼άϵ۸ִһͬǣйҲûͳʯȻͳ˼ѧģʳɽȣҲǴ̶Ǻѡʯë֮ûеεĿռ䡣ǵĹҶǼȨר壬ǰ壬ޡƽگ顷ڿѾΪŶıëͽˡ
̳ë֮ǣκ͡ƽگ顷ѡۺƶȹҹͳΪһֻĵ˵ⲻǺԵ
Ժʾگݡ - Re: zt神圣罗马帝国选帝侯posted on 11/07/2007
϶ - posted on 11/07/2007
һʵḻۼ
й۲Ա˵ģһûѧʵ顣ѧijЩȻѧһЩҩƿdz˲Ԥ֪ġûܹͨһķӽṹʽԤĻԡԼʼɹҩгĿԡƣйʷĻIJͣ仯ҲйƵδdz˲Ԥġûִۼʷܹ˵йδйĿǰ仯ϵĹɻѧϵйĸٱ仯ʱԵòʮҪ
ҸϲйĿǰŬһȳǡ϶𡢱ȱĴĦָĿĿûʧܣҲ˷աʷйһصĻᡣԼй˷Ǵʧġ - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/07/2007
wrote:
ҸϲйĿǰŬһȳǡ϶𡢱ȱĴĦָĿĿûʧܣҲ˷աʷйһصĻᡣԼй˷Ǵʧġ - posted on 11/07/2007
һĿҲйɫۡϣʵ֤α˵ķ棻ҪԺ˵α֤ǣ˵DzġйڼʰȫʣµĶ¢ʱ˽ƵĵһƣعŻֹۣȨᣬ˳Եˣƶﶥ......һΪ·ʽһҲûСйɫܾ̾ɡЩɫӣҲ¶
ֻйּ·ܶгɣ˵ΪͶҪȥ֮й˻ǿһģϵһġ
쿴VOA̸ƶ⡣һ˵ͱϣһһԱҡ˶ǧǧйˣ˵Щʲôأ˵й·һ˾ҵϰһʮԪ㻹ܺ
ллۡ - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/08/2007
ʵǺܺõġڹܾҩ
˵ⲡDzģһǸ֢ûá
wrote:
һʵḻۼ
й۲Ա˵ģһûѧʵ顣ѧijЩȻѧһЩҩƿdz˲Ԥ֪ġûܹͨһķӽṹʽԤĻԡԼʼɹҩгĿԡ - posted on 11/08/2007
wrote:
йûѡۺƶ
ƪ⣬У
йʷϣûȨͳεĴͳҲ.ΤԣһƺȨͳŽײδڣǣͬʱźͺȨص㡣DzĨɱġѧ֮ѣ
ҲΪ·ͨȻԹžеͣҲǻԶɳŲ
ߡʥ²Լͬڰɡ
ǣǵļȨͳȨʽжϣйȺԱĿԲڡ룬˶ӣ˹˺ũ˹ƶ״ݱ䵽ʲôӣͷԵˣҲͼġϺͼǣȨʽڵǿǰ;һǷѡϷʽѡ٣һǣʱϵͬйгūۻۻҼƻй̬ȡԴԴֻľٴУʹйһϣ˥ȥһVOAڣĺΪȷȻʹģЩȥͽҪȥģЩڣ۰ͰͶб֮⣬ѧĺӣЩʮˡ⤰㼷һǣǴѡۺƶУϣDzġЩ˹رҪԵˣڱ鲼йDzԵתأ
һεȷʵ˶顣ҵĵIJֹ˵壬Ⱦȫ
ġй˱ͱѻƬٶսŪúܲˣʵ
עĻˡ˱ˣ
϶һ˵Űķ϶֪ѧУܹ
ʵ
ʱԣձԻԡٲĺͼĴ֮ȻҲǽ⣬ȨIJš䡰ŷ˼ĺģģӢֳңʵʩԻԡʱԻУɻȱһ档20͵죬װֳȻѾʽǣʱ㣬ȻǶʱͶʺͶ⾭áԡģʽľñûʲôı䣬һֱõɳչʱתͶгָ߶˸壩ЧӦʱԣ21ͺ20ͣ19͡18ͣޱʲͬǰɯ.¬ɭͺ.صʱÿἰ¬ɭ壬ڼǰѹڣ۹ʱʽȻijνг㡪۵ʵãйŷոʱĽϡdz֮ΪϽ۱١ͶʺʱЧӦ˵ˣйʱͿ˾ľӶᣬ˫йūʵаȻʷϹڸǸֻŷڱгơǣDzδйԵԡʱײıԣϵʱĺڰ˫ϴɽѹйͷϡǣοй˵Ľ⣬ɲأҲأڡҲ˵ǿݸ˶ֽδйĵʱȫһؼڡĮսֻȨй֮ľȫʱ֮ɭ֡ʵò壬ʱͻڱκΣйȨ֮ҲͲᱻһһν
˵ùìܻìܡƺִġ
&&&
˵ѡۺƶȣҼǵñڿ¡һѡۺǰ黹
ù֡һѡۺѡӢŵλ
һһ¶Ĺ£е˼:
http://www.mayacafe.com/forum/topic1sp.php3?tkey=1179884335
̳ƫͺյĶ࣬ƫ¶
һGeorge I of Great Britain1660ꡪ1727꣩
ŵѡۺӢ
ŵѡۺ¹˹ӢղķʿһŮǵĶӡ
1698꣬丸λΪŵѡ1714꣬ӢŮ
ݱã1701ġλ̳з̳Ӣλһ
ΪŵĵһλҲһĸǵ,Ҳ
ӢĵӢλ̳ս
ŷµĴϲһװǹֵдӳ档
1727꣬ںŵݱ
- posted on 11/08/2007
ben ben wrote:
ʵǺܺõġڹܾҩ
˵ⲡDzģһǸ֢ûá
wrote:
һʵḻۼ
й۲Ա˵ģһûѧʵ顣ѧijЩȻѧһЩҩƿdz˲Ԥ֪ġûܹͨһķӽṹʽԤĻԡԼʼɹҩгĿԡ
֡ʵ顱ǺġϣȫäĿġϣʵͲڡ
һнᡢĻǿѧǽѳɹ(Best Practice)֮ϵġƷ档йȫûбҪðķգֻһһνȵ漯ŻΪĽڡ
й13ˡƲ˳صѡȻԴסпƼĻҽһеһжհûм˺ʧ֮˵Ϊƫȱʣµİأ˱ؼǧзʽĻۺ֮֡
ǹҴƣѾй÷չҪƿӦȥˡﵽĿĵ;ǣϵ۸ԣǹһֽ֮ͣȻ
Ӧи1015·ͼԼһʱͿռ䡣գҪ뷢չ൳ֱѡ첻ɣ½Ҳֻø5ʮ·ͼˡ½Ҳͷӣ½ֻΪˡ
ǶйˡҵĹֱܹռѷʽȥ̸δ֪ζšԶϣݵʱйǩ֤СڵӢղҪˡһ26ʱݣӦ㹻˰ɣ - posted on 11/08/2007
Ȩмķǹ,ƶֶμȨķǹνһ.
ȨȻ. ƴȨʧ,νһ.
гƶ, ,ȶ,ϰնԾ㹻.
,˵Ȩ֮ΪȫĽ,ʷйظ.
йܷ߱,ҪйʵԼйرĻ,ййϵûϵ.
гƶ, ֻҪй,ȶ,йþͻᷢչ,Ƽͻ. ۺʵͻǿ.
Ҷйδʵ.
- posted on 11/08/2007
ڡйɫۡм⡣
һ⣺Ƿκййۻ鶼ӦйʵԽйʵΪĿꣿһҲûʲô磺Ӧǿ϶ġ
ڶ⣺ǷֵļֵйIJ֮ӦйΪܾκΪ飿һĹٷ棩ǺȷģǡһȻǴġԭҲ˵
֮һκǾֻҪ֤˵Ĵԣôķȷˡ
鲢˼ij̶ֳϣʵֻʶйƱˣһṩ˽˵ķʶժԣʶµġǿĴ֯Զ
֮ΪհǽйҪҩֻһۻ裬һۡΪԭһǷ֮ĺģһԿйܿǼóĻܿͻᷢЩ⡣ijĶͲӢձеĹձ鰲ȫؿҪǣͨĶҲɳĮصȻ̫ĵȻβͬڣ֪θҲָ֪ǻɹġΣһ߶ȵĶȻ֪һ档ͳ
⣺ΪãķʲôҲΪǸѾ˵⡣ûпһйUtopianֻۡӰġճעֻйƵIJǵDZڼǣһЩûˣй˾ûˡ
еѧԺĩͷʹ⣺
㽫һĵһµĹҡΪдһܷͬȵȣ
ȻΪһû˵ĻĵдܷҪһмǧʷĹдܷҪĶࡣ
ⳣͬڶһƺһᡰй顱ǡ桱ƺйпΪԼġ桱绤ͳûмֵһʵûоѧ⡣
ʵȻʹһճ塣ҲһЩʵʲϵ⡣Ǿͬһй⡣
ģҪȫճ˭ġôΪʲôҪܷ˭ģӢĻġģǷӦýǹȨһΪʲôңйûܷôܷԸȥ˾ʵʩ
ȻЩֻһ֣һ߶ȼ˵ӽǡÿһⶼᳶ⣺絽ʲôй飿йı˶йĻйеĻЩͨ⣿
յǣDZȥûд𰸵⣬Ǿͱȥʵ顣ʵ˵ѡ˵ΡǷԱ⣬ҲҲйǷЩΪ߶ȥʯͷӡ
ҿйⲿǰδеЧٶšⲿ뻷ȾⲿղʲôƷûҵIJͬҵȷһġ
ʷ۵ߣԼԴֹ۵ġ
- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/08/2007
ɷ,.:)
wrote: - posted on 11/09/2007
Aha! I was always wondering what kind of title is "Electress".
I have great sympathy to Queen Anne. All she did was got pregnant and then watched her babies die.
xw wrote:
һGeorge I of Great Britain1660ꡪ1727꣩
ŵѡۺӢ
ŵѡۺ¹˹ӢղķʿһŮǵĶӡ
1698꣬丸λΪŵѡ1714꣬ӢŮ
ݱã1701ġλ̳з̳Ӣλһ
ΪŵĵһλҲһĸǵ,Ҳ
ӢĵӢλ̳ս
ŷµĴϲһװǹֵдӳ档
1727꣬ںŵݱ
- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/09/2007
ߵĹ۵ȻҪұȽϰߵ̡
fengzi, I'm curious about the thought process too:)
wrote:
ڡйɫۡм⡣ - posted on 11/09/2007
ȻҾ˵˵
й飬ȣ£ǵ顣
ûгй飿СйĻǵһξĻģʽ֮⡪ЩۣȵDzչģǣԶΪʦΪʦΪʦȥ⡣ۣDzDzҪ й ˡ
һûʦ͵йɶʵ潲˭Ҳ⡣
ģһûĻĻĹɶҲ⡣ڣûЩȥĻó㡣˵Ǻϵģ/Ȩ군Ҳˡ
壬һΧڣͬ˵йĻĻǰĻĻǰᡣǣйĻζλڲ˵ˣ˵ΪһҪĻλȷûˡԽ0Ļϣٰ˽⡣һͷӿһ¡ֻǣDzһȷлָ֮֮̽ԳԣҲ֪Ҳ
ԣʱˣʱơDzżȻܳһأ ǹԡǺǡ
̸
- posted on 11/09/2007
wrote:
壬һΧڣͬ˵йĻĻǰĻĻǰᡣǣйĻζλڲ˵ˣ˵ΪһҪĻλȷûˡԽ0Ļϣٰ˽⡣һͷӿһ¡ֻǣDzһȷлָ֮֮̽ԳԣҲ֪Ҳ
Ҹеǡô˵ԣô˵ҾͲɡ:)
йûĻʲôĻʲôйĻĻǷֻǴͳǹȥʱǷֻȥĶֻʱĻˣһйĻͳλʲô
ҵܼ - ൳ֱѡȨýֳ͵ʵģʽԴΪǼܵνĻĻ - ǷбҪνйĻĻϣǷбҪΪǰᣬǷйĻͳǷпܻϰվ˿ĻŲȥӣ˿֤֤̫̫ࡣ
ϰգ㡣ʷͷͷǵѧ峵һ쵽һŲ֪ơżȻԣǾһ㾫ʫ֮ԳʫΪʫࡣʷȴֻΪʷ- ҲӦöԽ巢չ˿Ӱʹͳ - вͬߣṩ˿֤
Լһ裬ڽйһеһڶѾ̵ƱΨһıģִͻ̻̲յĹˡëϯǰأϯҪˣô죿رЩСѧһ꼶ѧ˸Żˡ
ˡڶ֡ƹ̨ӡ
ִߵȨԴںη죬ڣ츳ȨȴǡǡǡйĻ֮һйĻӦ̰ź¡ɵIJȥµIJȨԴǹӣǹͰԼһƷˣһ·ͼץΪڣԼӮüʱ䣬ȫˣʷȫ - ŲйĻף˽ۣйĻκĻǰ⣬һойĻǰᣬһб仯ͷչ - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/09/2007
ûǸˮƿ˵ͷǵĶԻҴͰҲһֱڿ
wrote:
ȻҾ˵˵ - posted on 11/10/2007
ben ben wrote:
ûǸˮƿ˵ͷǵĶԻҴͰҲһֱڿ
wrote:
ȻҾ˵˵
˵꣬ое㲻ˬܳһʱ䣬ҾܾҵЦ˸ˡTMDǷ˭ǵġʱĥǰɲɣҲϰ壬ֲΪҸɣô͵Ϻǡ룬ݵĹڻԼš
ҲûλиˣҾһҪסæ۵ѹøһ
ҲбԵƣʹⱿͬ־ȥDZýڿɽȻ߱ʼ飬ϴδйڿ죬ȴƫ͵ûһֱдƾʲôҾһҪĵӣˣ
˵ΣžνΣɡTMD - posted on 11/10/2007
wrote:ܴûϸд˵ҪһĻȫձеͨǷԣԥձ˺ܼ´ϲĻһҲò۹⡣ԺͽάʱȨ⡣һЩԺƴٲģǡһģǾΪٴǡǸŷĸͼɡǺܿͽ˴۴ʵ⡪й̫ССǻۣһ꣬ڻҪȥȥһꣿ
wrote:Ҹеǡô˵ԣô˵ҾͲɡ:)
壬һΧڣͬ˵йĻĻǰĻĻǰᡣǣйĻζλڲ˵ˣ˵ΪһҪĻλȷûˡԽ0Ļϣٰ˽⡣һͷӿһ¡ֻǣDzһȷлָ֮֮̽ԳԣҲ֪Ҳ
йûĻʲôĻʲôйĻĻǷֻǴͳǹȥʱǷֻȥĶֻʱĻˣһйĻͳλʲô
ʷΣѧͬģͬͬʱԣĻԺйĻͿˡ࣬ͻײûͷӬһڻĻ״̬ȫܶʿ˼άʽҲרƷᵳӪ˽ų켺ҿĻ˳֡ɽؼʵıĻûг֡һЩʫҲǣëȵȡԣĻʷСҵǡûʲôϣı״̬ۺʵʣû֡
ϣ˸һȽϲôĴ𰸡
ڸϵ飬Сϣˡ
- posted on 11/10/2007
wrote:
ܴûϸд˵ҪһĻȫձеͨǷԣԥձ˺ܼ´ϲĻһҲò۹⡣ԺͽάʱȨ⡣һЩԺƴٲģǡһģǾΪٴǡǸŷĸͼɡǺܿͽ˴۴ʵ⡪й̫ССǻۣһ꣬ڻҪȥȥһꣿ
ʷΣѧͬģͬͬʱԣĻԺйĻͿˡ࣬ͻײûͷӬһڻĻ״̬ȫܶʿ˼άʽҲרƷᵳӪ˽ų켺ҿĻ˳֡ɽؼʵıĻûг֡һЩʫҲǣëȵȡԣĻʷСҵǡûʲôϣı״̬ۺʵʣû֡
ϣ˸һȽϲôĴ𰸡
ڸϵ飬Сϣˡ
Ҫձǰٶǰˡһ̨壬ĻֶͨġȫתҲתȥˡ
ʵ˼ĶʲôѵģйԼɻԭӵ۵ʵȫճ͵ģʱŪҲһ½̨Ļܶ:)
йȥ·̫˵䣬̫˽˸оûг¾ģȫľĺ·ͼûдģڹռƹ㡣𰸺ܼ
ϵӣڿЦҪˣôᣬ磬ʲôҪ
- posted on 11/11/2007
, Ҹоϸ˹СҶǸȫĶ.
ӹͳһĽǶȿ,˹ȫĸʧܵ.
ӾϿ, ˹ʱѹʲ˽л,رʯԴ˽л,ܲƽ.
ȫ, ˹ǷЧʾ,ƽС,ᱣϾͺ. ͬй,Ҳһ.
ԽǶȿ, г,رгкܴ. 벻ʧΪгȱݵЧ취.
η,Ƚ,ȥ̸. ӽֶζ, ܶ, 廹ǿ.
DzܰĿ, ܰͬĿɴ.
wrote:
йȥ·̫˵䣬̫˽˸оûг¾ģȫľĺ·ͼûдģڹռƹ㡣𰸺ܼ
- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/11/2007
νĻ,Ǽֵ۵ѡ.
,Ȼʶ, ں̶ܴϾһ˵ļֵ۵ѡ.
˼άʽ,,ں̶ܴϾһ˶,Ȼʶ.
ͳ̸Ļ, رǰѧйĻ,йεйĻ,̸ֽ. ʵй, ˭ѧ? ˭뵱?
йҪĿҲ.
:)
- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/11/2007
ҿбҪһֻü̸Ǻǡ - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/11/2007
,϶. :)
zili wrote:
ҿбҪһֻü̸Ǻǡ - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/11/2007
ձԱ׳ëжҵ⡣ɫζްǺǡذɣ - posted on 11/11/2007
zili wrote:
ձԱ׳ëжҵ⡣ɫζްǺǡذɣ
ABCҲӦǸͬ־ɡô˵һпᡣABCǷζҾͲ֪ˣɫӦһġҼǵǰиŮҷ⣬廪ͳɾͰ˼ƭ֡廪͡ɡҲֻкڻġ˫ʽɫ罭黨ժҶҲƵУȫڹӵ֧֡һϣпһء:)
йǽµij衣йĻĸǻΪεĽڣһ̯dzˮСأԼˮˮˮŻԼ˵ˣӲ֪ˮжñȥʵиɶ̫ɹһɹܾʣһϵĻˣ紵һζɢˡ
ййᣬйּ̫ϧå˽֮ٳڵϣΣΥԼijŵˣŪ֪ʶײ㡣ǿһIJơ٣ҲǣֻҪ5-10ʱ䣬Ϳйȥǧʹͳѡô:))
ȫǾʵ֤ʵеĵ·һб仯ʽгɹߵĵ·ǹȥ꣬ҹԼǸʵ;ʱˡûȫǽ춼˵ɧС̳һеһѾھͲһˡڳ˵ȻξִУλıͲ۵ˡ - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/11/2007
,Ҷļһ,ڿשͷ,ǵ. :)
zili wrote:
ձԱ׳ëжҵ⡣ɫζްǺǡذɣ - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/11/2007
abc wrote:
,Ҷļһ,ڿשͷ,ǵ. :)
:) Then contribute some good bricks please, not - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/11/2007
wrote:йĻĸǻΪεĽڣһ̯dzˮСأԼˮˮˮŻԼ˵ˣӲ֪ˮжñȥʵиɶ̫ɹһɹܾʣһϵĻˣ紵һζɢˡ
!.
- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/11/2007
, ֪, bricksڱ϶һŻ߿Ƽ,Ū.
wrote:
abc wrote::) Then contribute some good bricks please, not - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/11/2007
abc wrote:
, ֪, bricksڱ϶һŻ߿Ƽ,Ū.
Politics is not really rocket science. It's simple - 1) you need a good common sense, 2) you should believe in yourself, 3) you shouldn't believe anybody else. :) - posted on 11/11/2007
ͳ. ͳ뱻ͳ֮䱣൱ľ벢ģѧDZȽϺõ.
ǰй뵽ϰÿϸ, ϰ,СѶר.ͳ뱻ͳܹϵ, Ա.
, Ҫϰ, ϰҲҪεο. Ͳۻ.
ͨۻ,ϰμȻֻ.
кܴIJͬ, Ҳҳᵽε.
ĿǰйϰվȽԶ,Ҳ൱ģ.
ĿǰDz, ͬĽ.
Ϊϰ, ǴɲΪ۲̫ͬ.
wrote:
abc wrote:Politics is not really rocket science. It's simple - 1) you need a good common sense, 2) you should believe in yourself, 3) you shouldn't believe anybody else. :)
, ֪, bricksڱ϶һŻ߿Ƽ,Ū.
- posted on 11/11/2007
abc wrote:
Dz, ͬĽ.
Ϊϰ, ǴɲΪ۲̫ͬ.
ֱ漰Ƹķ䷽ʽһ漰Ǯռ䷽ʽھͻ䣬ҪʱԱɼթпķ蹷ΪǮһөͷ˽ʱһνֹһֶȥˣȥڣʱĻ
й˹ȥĽβΣܽйɫڡй÷չˣҺͱ˰յķʹý漰ÿһÿһͥԽйҪͻͶ˶ƣ:) - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/12/2007
,
Thanks. You are a good friend. - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/12/2007
pengyou wrote:
delete per request
- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/13/2007
I sent an email to you - I am getting old, too old to fight, but my curiosity getting stronger. :) - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/13/2007
wrote:
I sent an email to you - I am getting old, too old to fight, but my curiosity getting stronger. :)
Thanks, . Don't forget to erase my email address in your post. - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/13/2007
pengyou wrote:
Thanks, . Don't forget to erase my email address in your post.
Why do I get a feeling that I am working for MI5, and you either for CIA or FBI? Do you call that a email address? :) - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/13/2007
Why do I get a feeling that I am working for MI5, and you either for CIA or FBI? Do you call that a email address? :)
No, I work for Mossad. :-). - Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/14/2007
penyou wrote:
No, I work for Mossad. :-).
Ҹ뵽Reader86
ϵ鲻Ҫ̫棬żԲѷҲûҪ̫⡣ǵѰİﷸ֤˶ҳ꣬ȻڷܣȴҲѣûмôġлᣬĦÿ϶㣬ͳ⾫Ҫô°;ˡ
- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/14/2007
ĺĺ:-), :-), :-)...
- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/15/2007
ͬλĸۡԣĻǸܴĻ⡣ȻҪһĻȫǰΪʵ⣨ABCĻҲӦΪǾܾ仯ΪεĽڡ
һߵۺ˼лӦü
- posted on 11/15/2007
wrote...
Got to support 's points here; not because he did me a favor, but because I have same observations.
"һ漰Ǯռ䷽ʽھͻ䣬ҪʱԱɼթпķ蹷ΪǮһөͷ˽ʱһνֹһֶȥˣȥڣʱĻ"
Exactly. It seems to me US government is as much autocratic in business as Chinese government in politics.
I got a speeding ticket and went to court. I forgot to mailing the court fee for a month and got $100 fine (almost double the fee). Crazy government! Doesn't the 8th Amendment clearly states that cruel and unusual punishments are forbidden.
In my city (an old, tired town, just as Harper Lee described in her "To kill a mocking bird"), the public library allows only 3 weeks for checking out a book. I think I'm perhaps the one who contributed most money to it, because I always forgot the date to renew the books (mostly for my kids). On top of it, I've also paid a large sum for property taxes, which should be used to take care of the public facilities. We are double taxed here.
In the city I used to live, we are required to pull a permit to repair a swimming pool pump (how ridiculous!), besides remodeling a house. Isn't government just trying to squeeze out of us every cent it can!
In US small-business world, men are indeed թпķ蹷. There are no moral and professionism. Everybody is for money, and only money. Indeed, ΪǮһөͷ˽һνֹ (do they really have ?)I'm building a house, and my general contractor dug a giant pit in my lot, only because he needed the dirt to fill up a hole in his yard. We fired him when we learned the truth. Some subcontractors left the job only because they can make some extra money out of another job.
- posted on 11/15/2007
ййƶȡƤ飬BBC-News
Ŀǰֻйʿβ
Ϊù˽йɫƶȣй״ξƶȷˡйƶȡƤ顣
(15)ġйƶȡƤ꣬й쵼ִλʾ"й쵼λڳڸĸʵγɲģʷѡѡҲɵѡ"
1.5ֵİƤйʵеƶй쵼Ķ൳Эƶȡй൳ƶай8ɺйЭ̻(Э)й൳Э̵Ҫȡ
йٷý»йͳսоׯ˵"ⲿƤdzҪйƶ֪֮⣬Ҫȫϵͳܡ"
ׯ˵:"йĶ൳Ȳͬҵ൳ƣҲбеĹʵеһơ"
ׯ˵:"йһոµƶʽʵַʽ϶ɫִŹͬ롢ͬĿ꣬ɹͬж"
Ƥָйν裬йĻäĿհƶȺƶģʽDzܳɹġ
ĿǰйֻйʿβǷֱй¹븱ϯֺʿãֱιҿƼ
й˴зйʿ7.7˾ŵش쵼ְķйԱɲ3.1ˣȫ31ʡУиʡϯг24ˡ
Ŀǰй7300Ա
й8йᡢйٽᡢй¹йũйͬˡйίԱᡢѧ̨ͬˡ
- posted on 11/16/2007
Not sure if pengyu lives in US or not. I understand exactly what you are talking about, regarding to local government, contractors, building permits, traffic violation tickets, etc. as civilization is a big word, but sometimes it can be simplified as the degree of establishment and enforcement of order and regulations by citizens. It is as significant as the acknowledgement of Basic Right being the foundation of a stable society.
I often argued with my husband about how to deal with contractors. He firmly believes that it is a simple game, it is not that much to do with moral standard. If you hold more than enough money for them to finish work, they will finish. If you pay them more than what is left to finish, they are not that motivated to come back than taking on another job. Mostly of time, it turned out that he was right, and I was wrong. My neighbor is holding several thousands from the contractor for what punchlist items what worth less than hundreds. After nearly two years of battling, one day I told my architect that "I am at the brink of a nerve breakdown". How could these people just do things like THAT? Her response to me was "welcome to the business."
For the place I live in New York State, the local city / village government is a non-partisan system. Basically, all officers are elected from candidates nominated by the corresponding election boards. Theorically, you as a citizen, elect and decide how you are treated as one of the cizitens in your town. Of course, it is a much complicated game rule to play there to make things changed. I guess if there is anything advanced and good originated in this young country (comparing to those old ones in Asia and Europe), such systems one form or the other, from bottom to top in this country, is one of them in addition to the space technology, and baseball and jazz, etc.
In US small-business world, men are indeed թпķ蹷. There are no moral and professionism. Everybody is for money, and only money. Indeed, ΪǮһөͷ˽һνֹ
I take this as your way of release your stress. I do not agree what you said about men here, even for the small-business world. One head mason I used, in the middle of the job, he did not show up for a couple of days as he usually do. Later on, he told me he and two of his friend/relatives drove all the way (from NY) to Florida to attend a one-day religion mass over the course of three days. For them, flying was too expensive.
I got to know so many blue collar workers in the past several years, no, I do not agree. From the world I knew from my previous professional life, I do not agree either. There are morality, ethics and professionism. Of course there are bad ones, just as anywhere else.
pengyou wrote:
wrote...Got to support 's points here; not because he did me a favor, but because I have same observations.
"һ漰Ǯռ䷽ʽھͻ䣬ҪʱԱɼթпķ蹷ΪǮһөͷ˽ʱһνֹһֶȥˣȥڣʱĻ"
Exactly. It seems to me US government is as much autocratic in business as Chinese government in politics.
I got a speeding ticket and went to court. I forgot to mailing the court fee for a month and got $100 fine (almost double the fee). Crazy government! Doesn't the 8th Amendment clearly states that cruel and unusual punishments are forbidden.
In my city (an old, tired town, just as Harper Lee described in her "To kill a mocking bird"), the public library allows only 3 weeks for checking out a book. I think I'm perhaps the one who contributed most money to it, because I always forgot the date to renew the books (mostly for my kids). On top of it, I've also paid a large sum for property taxes, which should be used to take care of the public facilities. We are double taxed here.
In the city I used to live, we are required to pull a permit to repair a swimming pool pump (how ridiculous!), besides remodeling a house. Isn't government just trying to squeeze out of us every cent it can!
In US small-business world, men are indeed թпķ蹷. There are no moral and professionism. Everybody is for money, and only money. Indeed, ΪǮһөͷ˽һνֹ (do they really have ?)I'm building a house, and my general contractor dug a giant pit in my lot, only because he needed the dirt to fill up a hole in his yard. We fired him when we learned the truth. Some subcontractors left the job only because they can make some extra money out of another job.
- Re: 中国没有选帝候制度 (大家讨论;我自然准备挨砖头。谢谢。)posted on 11/20/2007
Got to support 's points here; not because he did me a favor, but because I have same observations.
:) Life is largely the same everywhere. - posted on 11/28/2007
That is the contradiction.
Relying on laws and regulations reduced citizens to lower moral standards.
Relying on moral standards creates more crooks and culprits.
" as civilization is a big word, but sometimes it can be simplified as the degree of establishment and enforcement of order and regulations by citizens. "
NO, the degree of enforcement of order and regulations by citizens IS NOT, which should have higher standard. is an order without the need of reinforcement.
rzp wrote:
Not sure if pengyu lives in US or not. I understand exactly what you are talking about, regarding to local government, contractors, building permits, traffic violation tickets, etc. as civilization is a big word, but sometimes it can be simplified as the degree of establishment and enforcement of order and regulations by citizens. It is as significant as the acknowledgement of Basic Right being the foundation of a stable society.
I often argued with my husband about how to deal with contractors. He firmly believes that it is a simple game, it is not that much to do with moral standard. If you hold more than enough money for them to finish work, they will finish. If you pay them more than what is left to finish, they are not that motivated to come back than taking on another job. Mostly of time, it turned out that he was right, and I was wrong. My neighbor is holding several thousands from the contractor for what punchlist items what worth less than hundreds. After nearly two years of battling, one day I told my architect that "I am at the brink of a nerve breakdown". How could these people just do things like THAT? Her response to me was "welcome to the business."
For the place I live in New York State, the local city / village government is a non-partisan system. Basically, all officers are elected from candidates nominated by the corresponding election boards. Theorically, you as a citizen, elect and decide how you are treated as one of the cizitens in your town. Of course, it is a much complicated game rule to play there to make things changed. I guess if there is anything advanced and good originated in this young country (comparing to those old ones in Asia and Europe), such systems one form or the other, from bottom to top in this country, is one of them in addition to the space technology, and baseball and jazz, etc.
I take this as your way of release your stress. I do not agree what you said about men here, even for the small-business world. One head mason I used, in the middle of the job, he did not show up for a couple of days as he usually do. Later on, he told me he and two of his friend/relatives drove all the way (from NY) to Florida to attend a one-day religion mass over the course of three days. For them, flying was too expensive.In US small-business world, men are indeed թпķ蹷. There are no moral and professionism. Everybody is for money, and only money. Indeed, ΪǮһөͷ˽һνֹ
I got to know so many blue collar workers in the past several years, no, I do not agree. From the world I knew from my previous professional life, I do not agree either. There are morality, ethics and professionism. Of course there are bad ones, just as anywhere else.
pengyou wrote:
wrote...Got to support 's points here; not because he did me a favor, but because I have same observations.
"һ漰Ǯռ䷽ʽھͻ䣬ҪʱԱɼթпķ蹷ΪǮһөͷ˽ʱһνֹһֶȥˣȥڣʱĻ"
Exactly. It seems to me US government is as much autocratic in business as Chinese government in politics.
I got a speeding ticket and went to court. I forgot to mailing the court fee for a month and got $100 fine (almost double the fee). Crazy government! Doesn't the 8th Amendment clearly states that cruel and unusual punishments are forbidden.
In my city (an old, tired town, just as Harper Lee described in her "To kill a mocking bird"), the public library allows only 3 weeks for checking out a book. I think I'm perhaps the one who contributed most money to it, because I always forgot the date to renew the books (mostly for my kids). On top of it, I've also paid a large sum for property taxes, which should be used to take care of the public facilities. We are double taxed here.
In the city I used to live, we are required to pull a permit to repair a swimming pool pump (how ridiculous!), besides remodeling a house. Isn't government just trying to squeeze out of us every cent it can!
In US small-business world, men are indeed թпķ蹷. There are no moral and professionism. Everybody is for money, and only money. Indeed, ΪǮһөͷ˽һνֹ (do they really have ?)I'm building a house, and my general contractor dug a giant pit in my lot, only because he needed the dirt to fill up a hole in his yard. We fired him when we learned the truth. Some subcontractors left the job only because they can make some extra money out of another job.
- posted on 11/28/2007
pengyou wrote:
That is the contradiction.
Relying on laws and regulations reduced citizens to lower moral standards.
Relying on moral standards creates more crooks and culprits.
" as civilization is a big word, but sometimes it can be simplified as the degree of establishment and enforcement of order and regulations by citizens. "
NO, the degree of enforcement of order and regulations by citizens IS NOT, which should have higher standard. is an order without the need of reinforcement.
That would be in some kind of Utopia. When I was a child China, it is what communist society was described to us in school. In that society, everybody is noble and moral, everyone does what he/she supposed to do without being asked, everyone has enough food and anything needed. when you want to go somewhere, you just press a button, then you can fly over in a blanket. No kidding, it was a nice dream. - posted on 11/28/2007
rzp wrote:
That would be in some kind of Utopia. When I was a child China, it is what communist society was described to us in school. In that society, everybody is noble and moral, everyone does what he/she supposed to do without being asked, everyone has enough food and anything needed. when you want to go somewhere, you just press a button, then you can fly over in a blanket. No kidding, it was a nice dream.
Utopia when the materials are not sufficient. Communist party making an empty promise doesn't mean a civilized society is never the goal.
I expect the world to move in that direction...
An example:
In the west, there are always tissues in public bathrooms, nobody cares to take it home. If you insist Utopia, in this area Utopia is realized, because bath room tissues are sufficient enough, and somebody taking away some will not change the practice...
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