好莱坞大片惹怒伊朗：史上真实的"三百壮士"(图) 青年参考
异乡的过客啊，
请带话给斯巴达人，
说我们忠实地履行了诺言，
长眠在此地。
——希罗多德《历史》
这是希腊人为纪念与波斯之间的温泉关战役（公元前４８０年），矗立在希腊德摩比勤隘口（俗称温泉关）的狮子形纪念碑上的铭文。２４００多年来，英勇牺牲的斯巴达勇士博得了无数人的敬仰。今年３月上旬，根据漫画家弗兰克·米勒同名作品改编的电影《三百壮士》在美国上映，温泉关战役的史诗性场面得以再现，３天的票房收入高达７０００万美元。就在北美观众对该片大加追捧之际，古波斯人的后裔伊朗人却举国抗议，将该片列为禁片。伊朗总统内贾德也指责该片丑化古波斯文明。一部好莱坞大片让一国元首为之动怒，这里面有什么秘密呢？还是让我们回到古战场去看个真切吧。
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电影《三百壮士》
１．７０００人对阵百万兵
电影《三百壮士》表现的温泉关战役，发生在第二次希波战争时期的公元前４８０年。当时，波斯国王薛西斯一世率４６个属国的大军，水陆并进，迅速占领希腊北部，８月中旬南进至温泉关，与斯巴达人统帅的希腊联军（由３０多个希腊城邦组成）对峙。
温泉关是个隘口，地势极其险要，狭窄得只能通过一辆战车，一旦希腊军队失守，波斯军队将长驱南下。双方力量的对比极其悬殊，根据古希腊历史学家希罗多德的记载，波斯军队有５００万人，不过根据合理估计应为５０万人左右。而希腊联军只有７０００人，因为这一年恰逢古希腊的奥运会，所以希腊人只派出了这么少的军队来迎战。其中斯巴达国王李奥尼达带领了３００人前来，斯巴达人的尚武传统与常年不懈的训练，使得这３００人个个都是以一当百的剽悍勇士。
战役打响后，波斯人发挥数量优势，首先派重装步兵轮番冲击，李奥尼达则充分利用温泉关有利地势和兵器优势，命令希腊方阵居高临下，用长枪刺向手持短兵器的敌军，使波斯兵伤亡惨重。训练有素的希腊人，有时故意示弱，丢下长枪撤退，等敌军追上来时，转身再用长剑发动反冲锋，这种“回马枪”战术屡屡得手，波斯人一直无法突破关隘。波斯王薛西斯于是派出自己最精锐的“不死队”，这支１２０００人的皇家卫队号称波斯的王牌预备队，一天下来还是攻不破希腊人的防线，史载薛西斯为此狂躁不安，３次从座位上站起来。
正当薛西斯无计可施的时候，一个叫埃彼阿尔铁斯的希腊人为取得重赏，告诉波斯人说当地有一条小路直通温泉关背后。在这个希腊叛徒带领下，波斯军队连夜翻山越岭，打败了负责保卫这一区域的佛西斯城邦士兵，黎明时分迂回到希腊人防线背后。
面对险情，希腊联军斗志尽失，大部分城邦的军队撤退了（还有个说法是李奥尼达为保存实力让他们离开的），但３００个斯巴达士兵没有离开。因为按照斯巴达传统，士兵永远不能放弃阵地！自愿留下与他们并肩作战的还有７００名塞斯比亚城邦士兵。
决战的时刻来临了，腹背受敌的希腊壮士背水一战，给波斯军队以重大杀伤，薛西斯国王的两个兄弟阿布罗科美斯和叙佩兰铁司在混战中被杀。斯巴达王李奥尼达死后，壮士们杀退了敌人的４次进攻，才夺回他的遗体。残余的斯巴达人越来越少，逐渐被压缩到一个小山丘上，最后全部被雨点般的标枪箭矢淹没。波斯人在战后打扫战场时，发现波斯军队死亡达２万人左右，斯巴达人的尸体却只有２９８具。原来，有两个斯巴达人没参加战斗。一个是因为有眼病，一个是当时奉命外出。这两人回国后受到人们的极度鄙视，于是其中一人自杀，另一人则在后来的战斗中战死，一雪前耻。
斯巴达人虽败犹荣，他们的无畏精神震撼了敌军，更鼓舞了希腊各城邦的士气。人们在三百壮士阵亡的地方，立了一块碑，碑上的铭文共有三句，一句是这样的：四千名伯罗奔尼撒人曾在这里对三百万敌军奋战。这是为全军所刻的铭文。对于斯巴达人则立下了本文开头的铭文。而第三句铭文则是给占卜者的：这里长眠着英勇战死的美吉司提亚斯，他是被渡过司佩尔凯欧斯河的美地亚人（波斯军队中的一个民族）杀死的。这位占卜者预言斯巴达人将出师不利，但仍跟随军队出战，最后被杀。
２．斯巴达人的两大法宝
电影《三百壮士》着力刻画的战役的惨烈，对战争场面细节的描写比较贴近史实。斯巴达战士留给后人的历史遗产不只是他们视死如归的勇敢精神，还有他们在军队建设与作战方面的成就，这些对后世影响都非常大。透过这段战争史我们会发现，斯巴达军队有两大制胜法宝，首先是他们的战斗队形，使自身的作战效能远远超过波斯军队，这从《三百壮士》作战场面中得到了充分体现：他们严整的方阵队形，与波斯人的混乱队形相比，具有很大的优越性，步调一致、军纪严明，利于保障队形的要害部位——两侧。
历史上的每个斯巴达步兵方阵一排约有８个士兵，战斗时前排的士兵将大圆盾举起，形成一道铜墙铁壁，中后排的士兵将长枪插空前刺，攻防效果兼备。敌人冲锋到方阵前时，后方的长枪可发挥长度优势先发攻击，前方盾牌组成的防御墙提供了很好的保护；而当斯巴达人冲锋时，密密麻麻的长枪加上战士行进的冲击力，灵活地交替攻击，威力惊人。希腊方阵后来被亚历山大大帝采用并改良，在他的征伐大业中被发挥到极致。
斯巴达军队的第二个法宝是完善的军事教育和训练制度，这一点在《三百壮士》影片的开头有所体现。
斯巴达法律规定，新生婴儿须经长老检查，认为健壮的才准许养育，羸弱者则被弃于山谷的弃婴场。法律也不允许父亲照自己的意愿来培养孩子，当孩子们长到７岁的时候，国家就把他们接收并编入连队，接受统一的锻炼。
他们同吃同睡，接受各种各样的体育锻炼，终年必须赤脚走路，衣食简朴如苦行僧。青年男子到２０岁时，便正式成为军人，受正规军事训练，参加军事活动。每人从２０至６０岁，都必须每日出操，参加军事训练。在雅典各邦中，斯巴达陆军的凶猛强悍，是希腊其他邦军队无法相比的。
反观波斯军队：战略战术落后呆板；士兵多从被征服民族中强征入伍，士气低落；人数众多但劳师远征，补给困难。以上种种，终于招致失败。
３．伊朗告上联合国
为刻画三百壮士的悲剧英雄形象，影片继承了漫画原作所特有的诡异与暴力风格，在拍摄技术、后期制作等方面别具匠心，人头落地、血花飞溅的慢镜头与大场面尤其震撼。影片卖座也在情理之中。
不过，伊朗认为，影片为褒扬斯巴达壮士，用对比手法贬抑了波斯人：将薛西斯刻画得举止乖张，性别不明，扮相妖魔化；表现波斯王寝宫中奢靡荒淫场面的那段戏，是好莱坞典型的夸张手法；近乎全裸的舞女对希腊叛徒进行色诱的镜头更让伊朗人无法接受，他们认为电影有意贬低波斯文化，所以伊朗民众认为它是美国文化侵略的工具。
３月１６日晚，伊朗驻联合国代表向联合国教科文组织总干事提交抗议书，要求总干事对电影侮辱伊朗民族一事予以关注。抗议书指出“心理战正在开始，维护和平的战壕也应开始修建”。
３月２３日，伊朗总统内贾德在电视台上发表演讲，激烈指责美国“试图通过电影篡改历史，损害了伊朗形象”。伊朗驻法国和乌克兰等国的大使馆，也对当地影院放映该片提出抗议。
４．波斯的成就令人尊敬
对西方人而言，“波斯”一词首先会让他们想起遥远而强盛的古波斯帝国，以及希腊与波斯的战争。
１９世纪，自由主义学说的鼻祖穆勒曾说：“以往欧洲史上所有的战役都不重要，惟一重要的就是马拉松战役（第一次希波战争的决定性战役——编者注），因为如果波斯人得胜，以后的整个西方文明就没了。”
这句话包含了西方人对古希腊文明的自豪感，因为古希腊文明的遗产被古罗马人继承下来，并成为西方文明的精神源泉。当然，也隐约透出一丝对异域文化的恐惧。
时至今日，认为波斯帝国浮华、奢侈和极端的专制的观点还不时出现在西方的报端。但越来越多的西方人士认识到，与其他伟大的文明一样，波斯曾经取得过的成就仍然令人尊敬，如经波斯传入中国的景教（基督教聂斯脱利派），曾对中国唐代的社会生活产生过广泛的影响；波斯诗歌的韵律具有令人陶醉的语言效果和催眠力；波斯地毯两千多年来，一直在世界市场上大受欢迎。斯塔夫里阿诺斯的《全球通史》，被许多西方高等院校定为教科书，该书也对波斯人赞誉有加。
也有一些西方人把伊朗人的愤怒，归结为今天的伊朗人怀念昔日帝国的辉煌，想维护自己民族自尊的过度反应。可是，在美国与伊朗因核问题矛盾升级的当下，《三百壮士》的确起到了火上浇油的作用。
当然，伊朗人的愤怒反应，也无意中替影片做了广告，刺激各国的观众涌进电影院，一看究竟。
- Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/06/2007
不能同意对波斯的贬低,波斯帝国是人类历史上第一个真正的大帝国,横跨欧亚非三大洲, 没有波斯帝国开创性的伟业就没有亚历山大的眼界;
倘若波斯战胜了割据林立的希腊,历史照样发展,只不过是风格不同罢了,又何来的好坏与否? 波斯治下的万族宗教信仰自由、传统文化都予以保存，比如巴比伦之囚的犹太人都返回故国，反倒是基督教立足罗马帝国后古希腊文明才遭到灭顶之灾。 波斯还开创了君主立宪、人权宪章这些现代先进的理念，更是已经成为西方文明根深蒂固的一部分。 - Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/06/2007
- Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/06/2007
我也不喜欢300，这电影鼓吹嗜杀，歌颂残暴，歪曲对手，是我近年来看过的最差的好莱坞古装片。也不喜欢那些漫画式的动作。老片子"Three Hundred Spartans"好得多。伊朗抗议也多余，最大的轻蔑应该是不理睬，抗议的作用反而是宣传。 - Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/06/2007
liaokang wrote:
伊朗抗议也多余，最大的轻蔑应该是不理睬，抗议的作用反而是宣传。
这话超级赞同，^_*
- Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/06/2007
马拉松战场
- Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/06/2007
此片极土！ - Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/06/2007
以前有一个黑白片，讲的是同一个故事，也是“头脑简单，四肢发达”，不好看。
不过斯巴达精神也有一些很可取的部分。 - Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/06/2007
guanzhong wrote:
不过斯巴达精神也有一些很可取的部分。
guanzhong 能不能给讲讲斯巴达可取的精神，我所知有限，怎么就觉着他们只是穷兵黩武呢？往严重了说还“灭绝人性”，除了同性恋，女子的地位，和鼓励通奸的部分：）他们对文明的贡献我也只知道 spartan, laconic 这样的词。他们算不算社会达尔文主义的身体力行者？ - posted on 04/06/2007
Here is a poem of my favorite, though it's not quite
Thermopylae.
The Persian Version
Graves, Robert (1895-1985)
Truth-loving Persians do not dwell upon
The trivial skirmish fought near Marathon.
As for the Greek theatrical tradition
Which represents that summer's expedition
Not as a mere reconnaissance in force
By three brigades of foot and one of horse
(Their left flank covered by some obsolete
Light craft detached from the main Persian fleet)
But as a grandiose, ill-starred attempt
To conquer Greece--they treat it with contempt;
And only incidentally refute
Major Greek claims, by stressing what repute
The Persian monarch and Persian nation
Won by this salutary demonstration:
Despite a strong defence and adverse weather
All arms combined mangificently together.
西方人喜欢夸大或简单化历史，比如斯巴达人与波斯人勾结，毁了雅
典城，雅典的瘟疫，就不说了。
波斯大王居鲁士在西方哲人中一直口碑不错。薛西斯也不错。
- posted on 04/07/2007
很简单，他们的对勇气和毅力的崇尚。从小就听说过一个斯巴达男孩被毒蛇咬伤却致死不说的故事，因为他要显示自己坚韧顽强的意志。那三百勇士的故事可以验证他们的这种精神，他们的这场战争是为了抵御外敌侵略，也算不上“穷兵黩武”吧？当然电影的表现是另一个问题了。社会达尔文主义就有点扯的太远了。:-)
浮生 wrote:
guanzhong wrote:guanzhong 能不能给讲讲斯巴达可取的精神，我所知有限，怎么就觉着他们只是穷兵黩武呢？往严重了说还“灭绝人性”，除了同性恋，女子的地位，和鼓励通奸的部分：）他们对文明的贡献我也只知道 spartan, laconic 这样的词。他们算不算社会达尔文主义的身体力行者？
不过斯巴达精神也有一些很可取的部分。 - posted on 04/09/2007
以眼下的阵势, 300 要创下古装大片的票房记录. 但以我看过的swords and chaos 片子中, 它的戏剧效果比Gladiator相差太远, 甚至不比当年看斯巴达克思那般激动. 看到后来就是一个PhotoShop的视觉效果, 至少张艺谋的色彩运用还是天然的, 300整个一电脑后期处理的产物. 不幸的是, 好莱坞这招尝到甜头, 就是今后的大势所趋啊.
一谈到比较, 忍不住就列个排行榜, Gladiator第一, 斯巴达克思第二(也许现在再看就难说了), 接下来BraveHeart, Troy, Kingdom of Heaven, 300, 最后是Alexander. <英雄>可以列入其中, 感觉比Alexander强, 馒头就不提了.
- posted on 04/10/2007
WOA wrote:
一谈到比较, 忍不住就列个排行榜, Gladiator第一, 斯巴达克思第二(也许现在再看就难说了), 接下来BraveHeart, Troy, Kingdom of Heaven, 300, 最后是Alexander. <英雄>可以列入其中, 感觉比Alexander强, 馒头就不提了.
Gladiator看过，Braveheart也看过，后面的就没看了。
看来我还看了同类电影中两个顶好的。大决战也看了，当时强令，不
看不行。可惜我没有从军，听说军中看的是血淋淋的真实纪录。
馒头是什么，人血馒头？
Quo Vadis, Ben Hur之类的WOA怎么看？
- Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/10/2007
电影没看。但如果伊朗发怒，就让他们翘他们的胡子。谁让波斯是侵略者啦？这三百壮士是史上有名的。当时雅典斯巴达是联盟共抗侵略。用死来捍卫家乡没有错吧？
人总不能像那几个给伊朗俘虏的英国软骨头吧？
- Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/10/2007
抗击侵略者当然没错，60年代拍的The Three Hundred Spartans就很好，但这300糟蹋了一个好题材。也让我看到题材决定论的错误。 - posted on 04/10/2007
当初有人贬Gladiator, 就说那是一部Ben-Hur, 阿拉伯的劳伦斯, 以及卡萨布兰卡的混合产物. 单就场面的拍摄, Ben-Hur可以说是划时代的, 在角斗场里的跑马厮杀, 都是用真镜头摇出来的, 毕竟是五十年代的技术, 没有电脑的说法. 但它的叙事线索单一, 我尤其不大喜欢结尾, 愣加入一段耶稣受难的插曲, 使整个电影由史诗片升华成了再教育, 所以现在一到复活节, Ben-Hur就在零售店里大肆促销. 我个人的喜好, 就是Gladiator这种商业片, 场面恢弘, 情节突兀, 再加上演员的个性, 最赞其中经典的音乐, 几个主题反复对比几个画面, 具有非常的震撼力量.
馒头是揶揄<无极>, 或者根本算不上历史大片. Vadis没能看过.
xw wrote:
馒头是什么，人血馒头？
Quo Vadis, Ben Hur之类的WOA怎么看？
- Re: 濂借幈鍧炲ぇ鐗囨児鎬掍紛鏈楋細鍙蹭笂鐪熷疄鐨�posted on 04/10/2007
战争片中, 马龙白兰度主演的电影"现代启示录"最酷; "BRAVE HEART"中男主角被砍头的场景, 催人泪下; "风语者""野战排"也很优秀.
电影"圣女贞德"中, 圣女拼命冲在最前线去攻破敌人的城池, 那份义烈真让我热泪盈眶, 热血沸腾. 这才是HERO! 这也是神性的体现! 人类为了抵抗强权, 为了得到和平和公正, 为了生存的基本权利, 为了保卫自己的家园而在战争中奋不顾身, 壮烈牺牲! 如果没有这些烈士的精神和牺牲, 相互屠杀而且为功利所驱的人类尚有任何可取之处吗?
- posted on 10/08/2007
300 marathoners stricken by heat (ZP)
Runner dies, 300 treated as heat ravages Chicago Marathon
Story Highlights
* Marathon run in record 88-degree heat, high humidity
* At least 49 people taken to area hospitals due heat-related ailments
* Patrick Ivuti won by a fraction of a second, coming in at 2:11:11
CHICAGO, Illinois (AP) -- Organizers shut down the course four hours after the start of Sunday's Chicago Marathon because of 88-degree heat and sweltering humidity that left one runner dead and sent at least 49 to area hospitals. Another 250 were treated at the site.
Chad Schieber of Midland, Michigan, 35, collapsed while running on the South Side and was pronounced dead shortly before 1 p.m. at a Veteran's Affairs hospital, the Cook County medical examiner's office. An autopsy was scheduled for Monday.
George Chiampas, the race's medical director, said witnesses reported seeing Schieber collapse and become unresponsive. "It sounds like he lost his pulse very fast and died on the race course," Chiampas said.
There was another running death Sunday in Arlington, Virginia. An unidentified runner from Virginia died during the Army Ten-Miler, collapsing near the finish at the Pentagon. The race started in 70-degree heat and high humidity.
The Chicago race was run in record temperatures, topping the mark of 84 degrees in 1979. Watch runners take on the race in record heat »
Kenya's Patrick Ivuti leaned at the finish line to edge Jaouad Gharib of Morocco by 0.05 seconds, making him the fifth straight Kenyan to win the race.
Runners were diverted to the starting area, where they were provided with medical attention and cooling misters. Shortages of water and energy drinks were reported along the 26.2-mile route.
Race director Carey Pinkowski said organizers were concerned that emergency medical personnel wouldn't be able to keep up with heat-related injuries.
"We're seeing a lot of our participants slowing," Pinkowski said. "It was a contingency plan we had in place and we decided to implement as a precautionary measure."
At first, organizers hoped those who passed the halfway mark could complete the run. But eventually even those recreational runners were told to turn back.
Still, some runners persevered, although organizers said they didn't know how many completed the course.
Helicopters hovered over the race course while police officers shouted through a bullhorn and warned runners to slow down and walk.
Lori Kaufman, a runner from St. Louis, said she was told to start walking at mile 14. She said the fire department turned on hydrants to hose people down along the course.
Paul Gardiner, a runner from England, said the weather made for a "brutal" run.
"We were at about 18 miles and we heard they canceled it and that kind of sent a little bit of concern through the crowd," he said. "It's just it's impossible to run."
Almost 10,000 of the 45,000 registered runners chose to not race in the heat despite more mist stations, cooling buses and water-soaked sponges.
Ivuti, competing in only his second major marathon, was timed in 2 hours, 11 minutes, 11 seconds in the closest finish in the race's history.
"I had never seen a marathon finish up close that was like that," head referee Pat Savage said. "This was really close, but at the same time you could see that one man was ahead of the other."
Ethiopia's Berhane Adere rallied to successfully defend her women's title. Adere was timed in 2:33:49 after passing a surprised Adriana Pirtea, who had a comfortable 30-second lead after 24.8 miles.
Ivuti and Gharib surged ahead of defending champion Robert Cheruiyot and Daniel Njenga at the 22-mile mark to make it a two-man race. Gharib led for much of the final four miles before Ivuti made a push on the final mile.
"One thing I had in my mind was that everybody is going to face the same heat," Ivuti said. "I had no problem with that because everybody was going through the same thing as me."
The duo traded leads on the stretch run down Columbus Avenue before Ivuti's final push at the line. The race was so close that it took organizers several minutes to determine the winner.
Njenga finished third and Cheruiyot fourth. Cheruiyot was in position to contend but stomach cramps forced him to drop back after 22 miles. Cheruiyot, who last year slipped on the finish line and banged his head on the pavement as he raised his hands to celebrate, finished in 2:16:13.
Pirtea waved to the crowd as she listlessly approached the finish line. But a final push on the last mile by Adere caught the Romanian in the final stretch.
"At 40 (kilometers), I could see she was going slowly," Adere said. "I knew if I started working from that point on, there was a possibility to catch her."
Pirtea tried to sprint toward the finish line, but finished three seconds behind.
"I had tears," Pirtea said.
American Kate O'Neill finished third and Liz Yelling was fourth.
maya wrote:
好莱坞大片惹怒伊朗：史上真实的"三百壮士"(图) 青年参考
异乡的过客啊，
请带话给斯巴达人，
说我们忠实地履行了诺言，
长眠在此地。
——希罗多德《历史》
这是希腊人为纪念与波斯之间的温泉关战役（公元前４８０年），矗立在希腊德摩比勤隘口（俗称温泉关）的狮子形纪念碑上的铭文。２４００多年来，英勇牺牲的斯巴达勇士博得了无数人的敬仰。今年３月上旬，根据漫画家弗兰克·米勒同名作品改编的电影《三百壮士》在美国上映，温泉关战役的史诗性场面得以再现，３天的票房收入高达７０００万美元。就在北美观众对该片大加追捧之际，古波斯人的后裔伊朗人却举国抗议，将该片列为禁片。伊朗总统内贾德也指责该片丑化古波斯文明。一部好莱坞大片让一国元首为之动怒，这里面有什么秘密呢？还是让我们回到古战场去看个真切吧。
14027273_2007040511210351948900.jpg
电影《三百壮士》
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